The Development Of A Police Officer - 1373 Words

The Development of a Police Officer The development of America’s police officers consists of many elements. These elements are what influence police behavior and action. Throughout time, the concept of policing has been redefined to fit the needs of the time. Originally, the police were a symbol of power and control and used to eliminate enemies of kings and pharaohs. As time move forward, the concept of policing changed the nature of soldiers into policemen. In today’s times, police officers are considered public servants to the people. They are charged with upholding, defending and protecting the freedoms of all citizens. To meet this objective, police departments use one of two approaches; community policing and the concept of†¦show more content†¦Nevertheless, the police force did help maintain civil order within society. It wasn’t until the 1800s in England where the concept of policing emerged and would redefine the purpose and responsibility of a police officer. During England’s medieval times, police functions was the responsibility of local individuals since most of England were primarily rural. Male members of clans or neighborhoods were charged to patrol and keep the peace in their respective area. This type of policing was called the frankpledge, which required all males above the age of 12 to participate in these patrol duties. As the Industrial revolution helped evolved the cities of England, it became apparent that the increase of poverty, joblessness and overcrowding became major issues for the government to maintain order. These issues were the main causes for the tremendous increase in crime (Gaines et al, 2014). Efforts by the government (to include more laws and harsher punishments) did little to stop the rise of crime and disorder. Mostly due to the disorganization of their police force. In addition, the violation of civil rights led to many cases of civil disobedience and riots. Government corruption w as the main cause of citizens’ grief. The police force was mainly used to suppress civil disorderly by any means necessary which led to more resistance, protest and riots. These events led to many criminal justiceShow MoreRelatedThe Development and Responsibilites of Police Officers Essay2519 Words   |  11 Pagesorigins of police work have actually begun. During the medieval times, fudal lords would hire strong men who would ensure that everyone paid their taxes. These hired brutes attempted to maintain some sort of order throughout the kingdom among the people. Unfortunately, in most cases, these men only followed their employer’s wishes and did not handle situations in honest or civilized ways (p.142). When America was first colonized the people living here followed a British form of police organizationRead MorePolice Use Excessive Force On People And Mistreat Minorities1634 Words   |  7 Pageslikely to be mistreated by the police compared to other people (Dunnaville, 2000). Recent incidents have seen the police use excessive force on people and mistreat minorities. As such, the legitimacy of the police has been put under scrutiny and questioned. Many communities in the United States have demonstrated in reaction to recent incidents of police misconduct and excessive use of force. The people have lost trust in the police because of these issues. The police force has been accused of mistreatingRead MoreOfficer Selection And Training Process872 Words   |  4 PagesOfficer Selection and Training Process CJS/210 Martin Hewlett February 1st, 2015 Each and every state has many different police agencies within the cities, these agencies have a specific selection and training process in order to be recruited and considered a full time employee. Now we know that not all are alike in every single way as there are little things here and there that may change a tad. For the most part all the major training and requirements are the similar nationwide. In order toRead MoreTertiary Education Should Be Required As A Prerequisite For Order For Join The Police Force930 Words   |  4 Pagesorder to join the police force. Introduction: Problem: Without prior tertiary education, police are entering the workforce under skilled. Claim: All police should be required to have tertiary education as it promotes police professionalism, improves standards in both policing and security and encourages personal growth and ethical decision-making. Reasoning: By making tertiary education a prerequisite when joining the police force, it is ensuring that all potential police officers are fully equippedRead MoreThe Washington Metro Police Enforcement And The Administration Of Justice903 Words   |  4 PagesThe Pittsburgh and Cincinnati Police Departments showed that implementing new programming and protocols which officers are favorable toward without forcing their culture to change had the most success. Whereas the Washington Metro Police saw a steady increase in misconduct after reform was implemented as a form of backlash. Diversification and reform (source 9 and 10) In recent years, reporters and commentators assumed that racial diversification of police officers would reduce misconduct, as wellRead MoreLaw Enforcement History: Historical Development of Police Agencies and Their Jurisdictions1017 Words   |  4 PagesThe Historical Development of Police Agencies and Their Jurisdictions: An Analysis Man is cruel and competitive. For these reasons, man often times wrongs others in society. And for this reason, it is necessary to have a law enforcement agency, whether local, state-based, or federal. In the absence of the rule of law, society would not be able to function, and man must make a pact that, in order to live and be protected within society, he must obey these laws. Police agencies often times serveRead MoreSir Robert Peel Essay847 Words   |  4 Pageseven torture. Times have changed since the beginnings of police tactics now it is incredibly uncommon to see public humiliation due to a crime. American policing has changed multiple times over the past hundred plus years. In most eyes the changes have been for the best of the policing system, trying to establish a concrete system. The policing system has developed overtime into a professional position, preventing crime, using the police officers as authority, and how this early system was adopted inRead MoreAn Eyewitnes s Of Police Brutality Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pagesgood and the bad. I am an eyewitness of police brutality that has taken place on a daily basis there. There are several individuals in Baltimore who have no respect for the police at all and the reason is they feel as if the police officers have no respect for them. A Baltimore resident by the name Freddie Gray died from a spinal injury at the hands of police during an arrest on April 2015. Trust he was the not the first who was injured or killed in police custody in Baltimore. â€Å"$5.7 million is theRead MorePhysical Fitness And Wellness Policy For The Austin Peay State University Police Department Essay1351 Words   |  6 Pagespolicy for the Austin Peay State University Police Department. It is my intention to examine the purpose and structure of a physical fitness and wellness policy and compare some precedent-setting court cases. By doing this, I hope to show that the Austin Peay State University Police Department needs to create a physical fitness and wellness policy. This physical fitness policy is needed because the functions performed by the police and security officers employed by the department require a level ofRead MorePolice Brutality And Corruption, War, And Peace1640 Words   |  7 Pages This research question will clearly address the variations of police practices over the past 5 years in Baltimore City and Baltimore County, due to the recent incidents regarding police brutality and corruption. Using Chapter 12 Politics, Power, War, and Peace, will help show the relationships between politics in law enforcement and police officers, which deals with a lot of power and peace. Chapter 12 Politics, Power, War, and Peace, Section Cultural Controls in Maintaining Order states â€Å"Every

Literature’s Effect During the Abolitionist Movement Essay

Throughout American history, literature has been used to bring social injustices into public view. One successful example of this was anti-slavery work written before and during the Abolitionist Movement. Abolitionist literature began to appear predominantly in 1820. Until the Civil War, the anti-slavery press produced a steadily growing stream of newspaper articles, periodicals, sermons, childrens publications, speeches, abolitionist society reports, broadsides, poems, and memoirs of former slaves. These works, initially a grass roots effort, led to increased support for the end of slavery. Through the use of vivid imagery and life experiences these authors were able to show their readers the crimes against humanity caused by slavery.†¦show more content†¦The permanence of slavery could only end in death. Dying before their time is an indignity faced by many slaves, but for most it is the only path to freedom. The author was able to transcend societal boundaries and show the reader that the slaves were just like them – people who value family, freedom, pride and life. Another common form of anti-slavery literature was newspaper articles. These publications were circulated around the colonies to serve two main proposes: build additional support for the anti-slavery movement and to inform the readers of the progress of the movement. These articles included places of protest, and recommended newly publicized works including â€Å"Uncle Tom’s Cabin.† While these publications were readily available in the north, the laws banning them in the south made it nearly impossible for supporters and slaves to keep ties on the movement. Below are the most popular publications of the time: Black Anti-Slavery Newspapers Title City Established Freedoms Journal New York 30 March 1827 Rights of All New York 28 March 1828 Weekly Advocate New York January 1837 Colored American New York 4 March 1837 (formerly the Weekly Advocate) Elevator Albany 1842 National Watchman

Marketing Within the Global Economy

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Within the Global Economy. Answer: Business Overview Apple is a multinational technology conglomerate that has headquarters situated in Cupertino, California. The Company is known to design, develop as well as sell individual electronic goods as well as computer software. The hardware goods of Apple include iPad tablet computer, iPod manageable media player as well as Apple smart watch. On the other hand, the software goods of Apple include macOS and iOS operating systems (Rodrigues Minshall, 2015). Steve Jobs, Steve Woznaik and Ronald Wayne instituted the Company in the year 1976. It is integrated as Apple Computer Inc. in the year 1977 however; it was renamed as Apple Inc. in the year 2007. Purpose of the Report The report mostly focus on the operation of Apple in the United Kingdom and Braziland the report also seeks to analyze how the macroeconomic environment within these two contexts might have an influence on the economic activity of the Company. Analysis of the Market Structure - United Kingdom and Brazil United Kingdom Apple Inc. is considered in two different market structures such as oligopoly and monopolistic competition. The share of the UK Smartphone market had augmented enormously due to the share of Apple. IPhone accounts for more than 39.5 percent of Smartphone sales in the UK. Almost one-third of the iPhone sales are made through the retail stores of Apple. Both iPhone6 and iPhone6 plus emerged as the best-selling product of Apple that shifted more than 10 million units (Hardman Steinberger-Wilckens, 2014). Apple mostly faces a monopolistic competitive market structure in the UK, as it has no barriers to entry. The major feature of the Company is that it involves product differentiation. In other words, the Company differentiates its product by making use of several features. Apple also takes the prices charged by its competitors as specified and avoids the impact of its own prices on the prices of other firms. As per the reports, more than 86 percent of UK purchasers upgraded from an old er iPhone model however; only 5 percent of the individuals switched across from Samsung (Lambert, 2017). Brazil The market structure of Apple in Brazil is competitive as the Company faces competitive obstacle in the market of Brazil. Although Brazil is considered as one of the largest and fastest growing Smartphone markets, yet Apple does not have a single retail store in Brazil. As a result, Apple commands less than 10 percent of the market share in Brazil that is quite similar to that of other developing countries such as China, India and Russia (Baghestany, Yazdani Ahmadian, 2015). Apple mostly faces competition from Samsung that is considered as the brand of choice in Brazil. Apple faces a rising battle in Brazil where IPhone is continuously facing competition from Android. The individuals find it too costly to afford an iPhone. With a price tag of $2000 in Brazil, the iPhone is more than three times more costly as compared to other similar models such as Samsung. Comparative Analysis of Macroeconomic Indicators - United Kingdom and Brazil Year GDP growth rate (Brazil) GDP growth rate (UK) 2007 6.07 2.56 2008 5.09 -0.63 2009 -0.13 -4.33 2010 7.53 1.92 2011 3.91 1.51 2012 1.92 1.31 2013 3.02 1.91 2014 0.10 3.07 2015 -3.85 2.22 Figure 1: GDP Growth Rate (Source: Created by Author) The graph shows that the GDP growth rate of the UK was 2.56 in the year 2007 that was comparatively less as compared to the GDP growth rate of Brazil that was 6.07. The GDP growth rate of the UK from the year 2010-2012 averaged to 1.58 percent. However, on the other hand, the GDP growth rate of Brazil from the year 2010-2012 averaged to 4.53 percent. On the other hand, in the year 2013, the GDP growth rate of the UK was 3.07 that were relatively higher as compared to that of Brazil that was 0.10. Similarly, in the year 2015, the GDP growth rate of the UK in the year 2015 was 2.22 that was comparatively higher as compared to Brazil (Data.worldbank.org, 2017). Apple experienced a reduction of 40 percent in the sale of iPhone in Brazil as compared to that of the United Kingdom. The factors that led to the slowdown of sales is due to the ongoing global recession in Brazil. The lack of new features in the latest iPhone has led to reduction of attractiveness to customers. However, despite the economic unsteadiness Samsung stays the market leader in Smartphone sales in Brazil. Both Apple and Samsung is recognized as a premium brand in the country. Apple has also been focusing on more costly items to partly cover increase in cost that are caused by fluctuation in currency as well as demand of individuals for more highly developed devices (Sturgeon et al., 2016). Year GDP per capita at Constant Prices (UK) GDP per capita at Constant Prices (Brazil) 2007 3.1 1 2008 2.9 1.4 2009 2.4 1.7 2010 2 1.7 2011 2.1 2 2012 2.6 2 2013 2.2 2.5 2014 2.3 2.5 2015 2.9 2 Figure 2: GDP per capita at constant prices (Source: Created by Author) The diagram illustrates that the GDP per capita in the UK was three times more as compared to that of Brazil. Brazil has also overtaken the UK to become the sixth largest economy of the world. Despite expanding at a mere 3.5 percent in the year 2006, the powerhouse of the Brazil has viewed its GDP reach a record of 1.6 trillion. The overall, profit of Apple for the first quarter of 2015 increased to 1.7 percent to $18.4 billion. By contrast, the sale of Apple fell by 40 percent in Brazil mostly due to fall in real GDP. However, the strategy made by Apple is likely to augment the sale by reinvigorating the iPhone line. Apple is looking forward to market iPhone with larger screen to the thousands of individuals who did not purchase a new iPhone (Data.worldbank.org, 2017). Year CPI (Brazil) CPI (UK) 2007 3.6 2.3 2008 5.7 3.6 2009 4.9 2.2 2010 5.0 3.3 2011 6.6 4.5 2012 5.4 2.8 2013 6.2 2.6 2014 6.3 1.5 2015 9.0 0.1 Figure 3: CPI (Source: Created by Author) The rate of inflation is high in Brazil as compared to that of the United Kingdom. As a result, the purchasing power of Brazil is likely to decrease. As a result, the individuals in Brazil are likely to pay more for same commodities and services that will in turn reduce the sales of Apple. On the other hand, the consumer price index is comparatively less in the United Kingdom and as a result, the individuals are likely to purchase Apple at the market rather than at the elevated price. The type of inflation that is mostly faced by Apple is asset inflation that is mostly created by high demand. This is mostly because; the prices of the product of Apple are relatively high as compared to its competitors (Pimentel Choudhry, 2014). There is a specific status to owning an Apple product, and that permits Apple to charge elevated prices. The stability or low CPI in the UK is likely to contribute to the well-functioning economy, which lead to increase market share for Apple. Year Unemployment Rate (Brazil) Unemployment Rate (UK) 2008 8.1 5.4 2009 7.1 5.4 2010 8.3 7.8 2011 7.9 7.9 2012 6.7 7.8 2013 6.1 8.0 2014 6.5 7.5 2015 6.8 6.3 Figure 4: Unemployment Rate (Source: Created by Author) Over the year 2008-2015, the average rate of unemployment in Brazil averaged to 7.2 percent whereas, the average rate of unemployment in the UK averaged to 7 percent. In the year 2013, the UK witnessed highest rate of unemployment whereas; Brazil witnessed the lowest rate of unemployment of 6.1 percent. The increase rate of unemployment in Brazil is likely to lead to decline in consumer expenditure that will in turn affect trade that will lay off employees due to losses. In the year 2011, the rate of unemployment has been equal in both the countries. In the year 2014, the UK faced slow rate of economic growth however; the rate of unemployment fell unexpectedly. The high rate of unemployment is likely to decrease the demand for iPhone in Brazil and as a result, companies will produce lesser amount of products as well as they will cut workers (Mazzuia et al., 2015). In the year, the consumer market of Brazil worth of BRL2.9 trillion, leading the region of Latin America in terms of cons umer expenditure. Despite increasing government expenditure on several social programs that have helped to diminish inequality of income, the Gini Index of Brazil measures the inequality of income ranging from zero to 100 percent. The new middle class of Brazil is frail with yearly disposable income just above thresholds of middle class and as a result, they can easily return to poverty in case of any shock to the economy. As a result, Apple might not have stable platform to expand its business in Brazil. On the other hand, consumer spending pushed the UK to another solid quarter of expansion in the run-up to the referendum of Brexit. Household expenditure accounts for more than 60 percent of the economy of the UK. As a result, Apple will find its expansion in the UK because; more expenditure is likely to increase the scale of Apple (Gausden Hasan, 2016). Year % of GDP (Brazil) % of GDP (UK) 2007 18.9 19.4 2008 18.8 20.3 2009 19.7 21.8 2010 19.0 21.5 2011 18.7 20.9 2012 18.6 20.7 2013 19.0 20.1 2014 19.5 19.7 2015 20.2 19.4 Figure 5: % of GDP (Source: Created by Author) The biggest annual budget deficit has been witnessed by Brazil in the year 2014 with a budget gap 343.9 billion reais. The 6.7 percent gross domestic product of Brazil is compared with 3.25 percent deficit of the year 2013. On the other hand, the UK posted its biggest budget surplus before the financial crisis that took place in the year 2015. The surplus of the country was below the expectation of the economists and it indicated that the government borrowed 74 billion in the fiscal year to bridge the gap between proceeds as well as expenditure. A major budget deficit had been witnessed by Brazil in the year with almost 111.25 billion Reais and as a result, the % of GDP of Brazil had been low as compared to that of the UK. The major budget deficit is equal to 1.9 percent of GDP. There is only a single way by which Apple can survive in Brazil and that is only possible if the government prints more money to pay off the deficit. Year Current Account Balance (% of GDP) Current Account Balance (% of GDP) 2007 0.1 -2.5 2008 -1.7 -3.5 2009 -1.5 -2.9 2010 -3.4 -2.8 2011 -2.9 -1.8 2012 -3.0 -3.7 2013 -3.0 -4.4 2014 -4.3 -4.7 2015 -3.3 -5.4 Figure 6: Current Account Balance (% of GDP) (Source: Created by Author) The balance of payment records the business deal of both the countries with the rest of the world. The UK has had a persistent current account deficit in the last 15 years. This has been mostly caused by deficit in trade in commodities as well as deterioration in investment incomes. In the year 2015, the current account deficit of the UK was 96.4 billion (5.4 % of GDP). Apple mostly paid the UK employees abroad that led money leaving the UK and in turn creating debt on the current account (Bussiere, 2013). At present, outflows to UK employees are larger than inflows of overseas employees in the UK. The UK has a deficit in trade in commodities however; since the year 2011, the current account deficit has been augmented due to decrease in direct investment income. On the other hand, Brazil had a comparatively less current account deficit. In the year 2007, Brazil had a current account surplus of 0.1 percent of GDP. However, since 2008 Brazil faced current account deficit, the highest b eing 4.3 percent in the year 2014. As a result, due to current account deficit, both Brazil and the UK have lesser number of chances to create more jobs to expand the market for Apple (Dhingra et al., 2016). An analysis of the monetary and fiscal policy Both monetary and fiscal policies have played a key role in the suppression of inflation in Brazil. Despite the present economy slowdown in Brazil as well as increase in inflationary pressure, the long-term success of the Plan brings out greater stability of price. The policies bring out the foundation for alleviation of poverty as well as distorted distribution of income. The first characteristics of the Brazilian macroeconomic support include a shift from a system of semi-fixed rate of exchange to a managed floating exchange rate. The use of monetary policy and the rate of exchange helped to absorb the external shocks of the Brazilian economy (Fagiolo et al., 2014). The use of high level of rate of interest mostly regulated the target system of inflation. However, Brazil also utilized fiscal policy with the sole target to generate primary surplus. This will in turn help to maintain the stability of public debt and provide credibility to the government. However, Apple is a retail bu siness that is mostly affected by fiscal because; it changes the amount of disposable income that is expended by individuals. As a result, if Brazil makes the use of more fiscal policy, it will result in higher rates of interest and the retailers also requires to pay more for lines of credit. However, higher rates of interest is likely to attract more foreign investors that will in turn give the retailers more power to purchase while purchasing merchandise from overseas suppliers in domestic currency (Matheson Pereira, 2016). On the other hand, the present UK demand policy mostly concentrates on using monetary policy as the monetary policy has little advantage over the fiscal policy. With the help of fiscal policy, the country will be able to change the rate of interest more easily as compared to level of tax and investment. This will prove beneficial for Apple, as monetary policy will not involve government expenditure that will lead to high rates of interest (Friedman, 2015). The cost of credit will remain constant rather than increasing and as a result, it will increase purchase of the individuals. Monetary policy will also reduce uncertainty about the expansion of the market for Apple in the United Kingdom. An analysis of the foreign trade policy instruments A global economic crisis has been weathered by Brazil that has been supported by local and overseas demand as well as good macroeconomic policies. Brazil has also contributed to worldwide economic recovery by considerably rising imports. Brazil is one of the most active participants of the WTO (World Trade Organization) and within the BRICS group of leading up-and-coming countries. Brazil stays committed to strengthening the multilateral business system (Hopewell, 2013). Foreign investors in Brazil receive the similar legal treatment as that of domestic investors in most of the economic sectors. This will in turn prove beneficial for Apple to expand its market. The decision to leave the EU, have led the UK to reconfigure its foreign trade policy. The UK trade policy observatory had formed a collaboration between Ghatham House as well as the University of Sussex that in turn supported the enhancement of new trade policies in the post-Brexit period (Walsh Mander, 2017). References Baghestany, A. A., Yazdani, S., Ahmadian, M. (2015). World trade market structure for corn. International Journal of Life Sciences, 8(5), 1-5. Bussiere, M. (2013). Balance of payment crises in emerging markets: how early were the earlywarning signals?. Applied Economics, 45(12), 1601-1623. Current account balance (% of GDP) | Data. (2017). Data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 25 January 2017, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BN.CAB.XOKA.GD.ZS?locations=GB-BR Dhingra, S., Ottaviano, G. I., Sampson, T., Reenen, J. V. (2016). The consequences of Brexit for UK trade and living standards. Fagiolo, G., Treibich, T. G., Roventini, A., Napoletano, M., Dosi, G. (2014). Fiscal and monetary policies in complex evolving economies (No. 006). Friedman, B. M. (2015). Has the financial crisis permanently changed the practice of monetary policy? Has it changed the theory of monetary policy?. The Manchester School, 83(S1), 5-19. Gausden, R., Hasan, M. S. (2016). Would information on consumer confidence have helped to predict UK household expenditure during the recent economic crisis?. Applied Economics, 48(18), 1695-1709. Hardman, S., Steinberger-Wilckens, R. (2014). Mobile phone infrastructure development: lessons for the development of a hydrogen infrastructure. international journal of hydrogen energy, 39(16), 8185-8193. Hopewell, K. (2013). New protagonists in global economic governance: Brazilian agribusiness at the WTO. New Political Economy, 18(4), 603-623. Lambert, T. (2017). Monopoly Capital and Entrepreneurism: Whither Small Business?. Matheson, M. T., Pereira, M. J. (2016). Fiscal multipliers for Brazil. International Monetary Fund. Mazzuia, A. R. D. O., Machado, D. R., Fukumothi, D. K., Nunes, L. F. B., Tucci Neto, C., Jorge, H. M. D. H., ... Mattos, C. A. D. (2015). Iphone app use to Cobb angle in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Does this apply?. Coluna/Columna, 14(2), 101-104. Pimentel, R. C., Choudhry, T. (2014). Stock returns under high inflation and interest rates: evidence from the Brazilian market. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 50(1), 71-92. Rodrigues, A., Minshall, T. H. (2015). Assessing strategic importance of innovation to multinational corporations. Sturgeon, T., Gereffi, G., Guinn, A., Zylberberg, E. (2016). Brazil in Global Value Chains. Walsh, C., Mander, S. (2017). Contextualising the drivers for trade: Some lessons from historical case studies. Marine Policy, 75, 290-299.

Resource Identification, Evaluation and Selection Congestive heart failure

Overview Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) is one of the common health challenges in aging persons. The health condition is one of the major causes of deaths and health complications for individuals that above sixty five years. Congestive Heart Failure is not only a major cause of health complication and death in aging individuals but also contribute high number of re-admission among aging person. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Resource Identification, Evaluation and Selection: Congestive heart failure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, treating Congestive Heart Failure cost a fortune and is a major challenge to families with a CHF patient. Considering its significance to the health of aging persons, Health care provision for aging persons should therefore consider CHF management. Because of increased cases of CHF and its health and cost implications, various recent research studies have focused towards c oming up with better CHF management (Whalley, et a., 2002; Ross, J., et al., 2010; Goldberg, et al., 2005; Colonna, et al., 2003). Congestive Heart Failure as an area of research is not fully exhausted despite of many research studies dedicated to it. This paper will discuss the process involved in coming up with a topic for research study, resources for information, search strategy and summary, and evaluation of sources. Problem Statement The major challenge in management of Congestive Heart Failure is frequent re-admission of CHF patients. Considering health risk and treatment cost implication, re-admission of CHF patients have high implication to the patients, their families and health care providers. The cause of frequent re-admission of CHF patients have been a subject to many researchers. Among the frequently proposed causes of re-admission, include narrow understanding of the health condition among patients and poor adherence to treatment and diet. Other proposed causes of re-admission include poor management of other health conditions such as respiratory infection and hypertension. In addition, poor discharge and planning and poor follow up of patients are cited as possible factors that contribute to increased CHF re-admission cases (Reis, et al., 1997; Jaarsma, et al., 1998). Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Most of literature addressing hospitalization of CHF patients agree that much can be done reduce re-admission cares and improve quality of life of CHF (Kornowski, Zeeli, Averbuch, et al. 1995; Smith, Fabbri, Pai, et al.,1997; Rich, Beckham, Wittenberg, et al., 1995). This study will revisit re-admission of CHF patients in relation to medication compliance, diet modification and community health programs. The study will also explore the role of case management in mitigating re-admission. In order to address the problem, the study will seek to provide answers to the question: What are the reasons why Congestive Heart Failure cases have high number of admissions? Problem Symptoms or Evidence Congestive heart failure refers to a health condition where the heart is unable pump enough blood to other body parts especially critical body organs. CHF is a major health issue in United States as well as other parts of the world. The health conditions incapacitate patients and can lead to death (Schocken, Arrieta, Leaverton Ross, 1992). In United States, about three million people suffer from congestive heart failure. As the number of elderly people increase, without better management programs CHF a major health challenge in the future. Currently, treating congestive heart failure cost as much as ten thousand US dollars. The cost is definitely very expensive to majority of people and a heavy burden to health care providers and health insurance companies. Apart from the high cost of treating congestive heart failure, the healt h condition has low mortality at an average of about five years. Congestive heart failure is a major health challenge and cause of hospitalization for individuals above sixty five years. Symptoms to congestive heart failure include progressive shortness of breath for long, fluid retention in the body, weight gained within three days, loss of appetite, and swollen feet, legs and ankle before admission. The health condition is correlated to other health issues such as diabetes (Nichols, et al., 2004; Dokainish, et al., 2004). For instance, diabetes patients are almost twice as vulnerable to CHF compared to other individuals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Resource Identification, Evaluation and Selection: Congestive heart failure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Literature Search Keywords A search strategy is required for a successful research study. Important to a search strategy is keywords. Key words refer to words or phrase that, when used, can help a researcher to identify the appropriate sources and information for a research study. Key word ought to capture the topic under study and direct a researcher towards most appropriate literature. There could be many sources related to a research study. As a good researcher, one has to sort out the many sources to come up with the most relevant and appropriate sources. The key words that were used for the study were related to congestive heart failure and re-admission. Below is a list of the key words that were used to search for appropriate sources for the study. Heart failure Cardiac health Heart diseases Cardiac Edema Shortness of Breath Cardiovascular diseases Congestion Congestive heart failure Types of heart diseases Cardiac Risk Factors Among the search terms â€Å"Congestive heart failure† was found to be the most resourceful. Searches using the keyword provided important results related to research problem. Resources Resou rces of a research study have high contribution to quality of a study. A good resource should provide wide range of information on a research topic. In addition to wide range of information, a research resource should be reliable. For the study, two primary resources were identifies: Google Search CINAHL Modification of Keyword Searches In order refine results from searches using keywords, modification of search terms was necessary. Modification of search terms helped in identifying specific information and sources to the research problem. Boolean operations were very helpful in modifying the search terms. The search started by tying the word heart failure, and all the topics related to Congested Heart Failure came out. By putting the word CHF + the word specifically needed such as medication, diet, signs and symptoms, the search brought in specific articles necessary for the study. Below is modification of search terms that were most resourceful Heart failure OR congestive heart failureAdvertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Congestive heart failure AND re-admission Heart failure+ causes and symptoms Congestive heart failure AND edema Congestive heart failure AND diabetes Congestive heart failure AND mortality Congestive heart failure+ medication compliance Congestive heart failure AND diet modification Most Useful Keywords The most useful word in the search made is Congestive heart failure. A very broad topic to search but with the help of the Boolean sign it narrows down to specific search. Citation of Sources Nichols, G., Gullion, C., Koro, C., Ephross, S. Brown, J. (2004). The Incidence of Congestive Heart Failure in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 27(8) Reis, S., Holubkov, R. Edmundowicz, D., McNamara, D., Zell, K., Detre, K. Feldman A. (1997). Treatment of patients admitted to the hospital with congestive heart failure: specialty-related disparities in practice patterns and outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol 30(3), 733-738 Schocken, D., Arrieta, M., Leaverton, P. Ross, E. (1992). Prevalence and mortali ty rate of congestive heart failure in the United States. J Am Coll Cardiol 20, 301-306 Jaarsma, T., Halfens, R., Huijer, H., Dracup, K., Gorgels, T., Van Ree, J. Stappers, J. (1998). Effect of education and support on self-care and resource utilization in patients with heart failure. European Heart Journal 20(9), 673-682 Dokainish, H., Zoghbi, W., Lakkis, N., Ambriz, E., Rajnikant, P., Quinones, M. Nagueh, S. (2004). Incremental predictive power of B-type natriuretic peptide and tissue Doppler echocardiography in the prognosis of patients with congestive heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 45(8), 1223-1226 Whalley, G., Doughty, R., Gamble, G., Wright, S., Walsh, H., Muncaster, S. Sharpe, N. (2002). Pseudonormal mitral filling pattern predicts hospital re-admission in patients with congestive heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 39(11), 1787-1795 Ross, J., et al. (2010).Recent National Trends in Readmission Rates after Heart Failur e Hospitalization. Circulation 122, 1645-51 Goldberg, R., Farmer, C., Spencer, F., Pezzella, S. Meyer, T. (2005). Use of nonpharmacologic treatment approached in patients with heart failure. International Journal of Cardiology 110(3), 348-353 Colonna, P., Sorino, M., Agostino, C., Bovenzi, F., De Luca, L. Arrigo, F. de Luca, I. (2003). Nonpharmacologic care of heart failure: counseling, dietary restriction, rehabilitation, treatment of sleep apnea, and ultrafiltration. American Journal of Cardiology 91(9), 41-50 Kornowski R, Zeeli D, Averbuch M, et al. (1995). Intensive home-care surveillance prevents hospitalization and improves morbidity rates among elderly patients with severe congestive heart failure. American Heart Journal 129, 162–6. Smith L., Fabbri S. Pai R., et al. (1997). Symptomatic improvement and reduced hospitalization for patients attending a cardiomyopathy clinic. Clin Cardiol 20, 949–54 Rich M, Beckham V, Wittenberg C, et al. (1995). A multidisciplin ary intervention to prevent the readmission of elderly patients with congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 333, 1190–5 CARS Evaluation table Source Credibility Accuracy Reasonability Support Nichols, G., et al. (2004). The Incidence of Congestive Heart Failure in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 27(8) The article has high credibility. The authors are scholars at University of Pittsburgh. The article is peer reviewed. Methodology used for the study seems to be reliable. The authors reviews and cite other reliable sources and provide comprehensive information. In addition, the article is relatively recent. No bias was observed in the article. The authors were objective in their study and did not side with any side. The authors provide complete list references that they used for the study. Appropriate in-text citations were provided Schocken, D., Arrieta, M., Leaverton, P. Ross, E. (1992). Prevalence and mortality rate of congestive heart failure in the United States. J Am Coll Cardiol 20, 301-306 Article has high credibility. The article is peer reviewed and authors are scholars in the field of medicine The article is relatively old and some of information presented could not accurate. No bias was observed in the article. The authors demonstrated objectiveness and professionalism in conducting the study. Adequate support is observed in the article. The article cites and is cited in other journal articles Nichols, G., Gullion, C., Koro, C., Ephross, S. Brown, J. (2004). The Incidence of Congestive Heart Failure in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 27(8) All the authors are PHD holders and scholars in the fields of diabetes and cardiovascular health. The article is peer reviewed and therefore credible The study is recent and therefore information in the article is likely to be accurate. Sufficient sample size reliable research methods were used for the study The authors assume a balanced approach to the study. No explicit bias was observed in the article. Supportive article are cited in the article. In addition to providing reliable reference list, the authors provide contact details through which they can be contacted. Jaarsma, T., et al. (1998). Effect of education and support on self-care and resource utilization in patients with heart failure. European Heart Journal 20(9), 673-682 European Heart Journal is a reputable journal that published credible articles. In addition, the authors are seasoned researchers in the area nor cardiac health The article is relatively recent and uses and appropriate research methodology. However, the sample size used for the study was small to generalize the outcome. The authors were fair in the study and were not biased. The authors give credit to other authors whom they cite their articles Dokainish, H., et al. (2004). Incremental predictive power of B-type natriuretic peptide and tissue Doppler echocardiography in the prognosis of patients with congestive heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 45(8), 12223-1226 The article is highly credible. Journal of the American college of Cardiology is reliable and the authors are credible Accuracy of information in the article appears to be high. The article is recent and therefore information in the article is current. There is high reasonability for the article. The authors addressed the subject under study objectively without apparent bias. The article meets the criteria for support. The authors provided comprehensive background information and cite credible sources in their article Whalley, G., et al. (2002). Pseudonormal mitral filling pattern predicts hospital re-admission in patients with congestive heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 39(11), 1787-1795 The article meets credibility criteria. The authors are scholars in field of cardiac health and the journal in which the article is published is reliable. The authors provide comprehensive information in the article. In addition, the article is relative recent. The article is reasonable. Comprehensive information is provided and fair method of study is applied Sufficient support is provided for the study and the study is consistent with other recent studies Ross, J., et al. (2010).Recent National Trends in Readmission Rates after Heart Failure Hospitalization. Circulation 122, 1645-51 Authors are PHD holders in the field of Cardiac health and therefore their study can be credible The study was conducted for a period of six years. The outcome of the study seem to accurate No bias was observed in the article Credible sources are cited in the article. Goldberg, R., Farmer, C., Spencer, F., Pezzella, S. Meyer, T. (2005). Use of nonpharmacologic treatment approached in patients with heart failure. International Journal of Cardiology 110(3), 348-353 International Journal of Cardiology is a reputed journal and therefore the article appears to be credible. The article is recent and consistent with wo rldview and other related research study The authors provide comprehensive information. Credible reference list is provided Annotated Bibliography Nichols, G., Gullion, C., Koro, C., Ephross, S. Brown, J. (2004). The Incidence of Congestive Heart Failure in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 27(8) The purpose of the study was to explore prevalence of congestive heart failure in type 2 diabetic patients. Two sample of 8,231 and 8845 of individuals with type 2 diabetes and non-diabetic congestive heart failure patients, respectively, were used for the study. From the study, diabetic patient were found to be more likely to contract congestive heart failure at a rate of 2.5. The authors concluded that there was need to control risk factors such as blood pressure, hyperglycemia and obesity in managing congestive heart failure. Reis, S., Holubkov, R. Edmundowicz, D., McNamara, D., Zell, K., Detre, K. Feldman A. (1997). Treatment of patients admitted to the hospital with congestive heart failure: specialty-related disparities in practice patterns and outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol 30(3), 733-738 The objective of this study was to explore differences in specialty treatment of congestive heart failure patient and their effect on treatment outcome. The authors compared treatment and result for patients in a university hospital for six months. The focus for study was patients cared for by general physicians and those whose treatment was guided by a cardiologist. From the study, the authors observed that congestive heart failure patients that were cared for by generalists had high chance of readmission as compared to those whose treatment was guided by a cardiologist. The study confirmed the importance of specialist care in successful management of congestive heart failure. Schocken, D., Arrieta, M., Leaverton, P. Ross, E. (1992). Prevalence and mortality rate of congestive heart failure in the United States. J Am Coll Cardiol 20, 301-306 The purpose of the study was to in vestigate prevalence and mortality rate of CHF in non-institutionalized individuals in United States. The authors aimed at providing reliable national data related to congestive heart failure. The authors relied on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for data on prevalence and mortality rate. From the study, the author found prevalence of congestive heart failure to be between 1.1% and 2%. The authors concluded that congestive heart failure had significant mortality rate and prevalence and was a noteworthy health challenge in United States. Jaarsma, T., Halfens, R., Huijer, H., Dracup, K., Gorgels, T., Van Ree, J. Stappers, J. (1998). Effect of education and support on self-care and resource utilization in patients with heart failure. European Heart Journal 20(9), 673-682 Self-care plays important role in management of heart failure cares. In the article, the authors investigate the role of education success of self-care. A sample of 179 was used for the study. From th e study, the authors found education and support from health care workers especially a nurse to have positive effect on success of self-care. In conclusion, the authors propose integrated education and support for successful heart failure management. Dokainish, H., Zoghbi, W., Lakkis, N., Ambriz, E., Rajnikant, P., Quinones, M. Nagueh, S. (2004). Incremental predictive power of B-type natriuretic peptide and tissue Doppler echocardiography in the prognosis of patients with congestive heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 45(8), 12223-1226 Prediction of congestive heart failure is among the first steps to successful prevention and management. In the article, the authors investigate effectiveness of B-type natriuretic peptide and early diastolic velocity in predicting congestive heart failure relative to conventional methods. Observations were made on a sample of 116 congestive heart failure patients. The authors found B-type natriuretic peptide and early diast olic velocity to have incremental predictive power on CHF patients. Whalley, G., Doughty, R., Gamble, G., Wright, S., Walsh, H., Muncaster, S. Sharpe, N. (2002). Pseudonormal mitral filling pattern predicts hospital re-admission in patients with congestive heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 39(11), 1787-1795 The author’s main objective was to examine whether pseudonormal filling contributed to hospitalization and deaths in congestive heart failure patients. 115 CHF patients were investigated for the study. The study found pseudonormal filling to be correlated with hospitalization and deaths in CHF patients. Ross, J., et al. (2010).Recent National Trends in Readmission Rates after Heart Failure Hospitalization. Circulation 122, 1645-51 The authors aimed at investigating rate of readmission of congestive heart failure patients. The authors used data from Medicare administration for beneficiaries of fee-for-service program that were discharged from hos pital. For a period of six years of observation, the authors found that the average rate of readmission was 30 days. The authors conclude that there was no improvement in management of congestive heart failure since the rate of readmission did not change over the period of study. Goldberg, R., Farmer, C., Spencer, F., Pezzella, S. Meyer, T. (2005). Use of nonpharmacologic treatment approached in patients with heart failure. International Journal of Cardiology 110(3), 348-353 Managing congestive heart failure is challenging and calls for more than use of medicine. In this article, the authors explore alternative treatment and management approaches for congestive heart failure. The authors focus on effectiveness of counseling, community settings and patient education in managing congestive heart failure. The authors found the alternative treatment and management approaches to have positive effect on congestive heart failure patients. They recommend hospital counseling as an effective approach in managing heart failure. References List Nichols, G., Gullion, C., Koro, C., Ephross, S. Brown, J. (2004). The Incidence of Congestive Heart Failure in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 27(8) Reis, S., Holubkov, R. Edmundowicz, D., McNamara, D., Zell, K., Detre, K. Feldman A. (1997). Treatment of patients admitted to the hospital with congestive heart failure: specialty-related disparities in practice patterns and outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol 30(3), 733-738 Schocken, D., Arrieta, M., Leaverton, P. Ross, E. (1992). Prevalence and mortality rate of congestive heart failure in the United States. J Am Coll Cardiol 20, 301-306 Jaarsma, T., Halfens, R., Huijer, H., Dracup, K., Gorgels, T., Van Ree, J. Stappers, J. (1998). Effect of education and support on self-care and resource utilization in patients with heart failure. European Heart Journal 20(9), 673-682 Dokainish, H., Zoghbi, W., Lakkis, N., Ambriz, E., Rajnikant, P., Quinones, M. Nagueh, S. (2004). Incremental predicti ve power of B-type natriuretic peptide and tissue Doppler echocardiography in the prognosis of patients with congestive heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 45(8), 12223-1226 Whalley, G., Doughty, R., Gamble, G., Wright, S., Walsh, H., Muncaster, S. Sharpe, N. (2002). Pseudonormal mitral filling pattern predicts hospital re-admission in patients with congestive heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 39(11), 1787-1795 Ross, J., et al. (2010).Recent National Trends in Readmission Rates after Heart Failure Hospitalization. Circulation 122, 1645-51 Goldberg, R., Farmer, C., Spencer, F., Pezzella, S. Meyer, T. (2005). Use of nonpharmacologic treatment approached in patients with heart failure. International Journal of Cardiology 110(3), 348-353 Colonna, P., Sorino, M., Agostino, C., Bovenzi, F., De Luca, L. Arrigo, F. de Luca, I. (2003). Nonpharmacologic care of heart failure: counseling, dietary restriction, rehabilitation, treatment of s leep apnea, and ultrafiltration. American Journal of Cardiology 91(9), 41-50 Kornowski R, Zeeli D, Averbuch M, et al. (1995). Intensive home-care surveillance prevents hospitalization and improves morbidity rates among elderly patients with severe congestive heart failure. American Heart Journal 129, 162–6. Smith L., Fabbri S. Pai R., et al. (1997). Symptomatic improvement and reduced hospitalization for patients attending a cardiomyopathy clinic. Clin Cardiol 20, 949–54 Rich M, Beckham V, Wittenberg C, et al. (1995). A multidisciplinary intervention to prevent the readmission of elderly patients with congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 333, 1190–5 This essay on Resource Identification, Evaluation and Selection: Congestive heart failure was written and submitted by user Cornelius to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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