The Development Of A Police Officer - 1373 Words

The Development of a Police Officer The development of America’s police officers consists of many elements. These elements are what influence police behavior and action. Throughout time, the concept of policing has been redefined to fit the needs of the time. Originally, the police were a symbol of power and control and used to eliminate enemies of kings and pharaohs. As time move forward, the concept of policing changed the nature of soldiers into policemen. In today’s times, police officers are considered public servants to the people. They are charged with upholding, defending and protecting the freedoms of all citizens. To meet this objective, police departments use one of two approaches; community policing and the concept of†¦show more content†¦Nevertheless, the police force did help maintain civil order within society. It wasn’t until the 1800s in England where the concept of policing emerged and would redefine the purpose and responsibility of a police officer. During England’s medieval times, police functions was the responsibility of local individuals since most of England were primarily rural. Male members of clans or neighborhoods were charged to patrol and keep the peace in their respective area. This type of policing was called the frankpledge, which required all males above the age of 12 to participate in these patrol duties. As the Industrial revolution helped evolved the cities of England, it became apparent that the increase of poverty, joblessness and overcrowding became major issues for the government to maintain order. These issues were the main causes for the tremendous increase in crime (Gaines et al, 2014). Efforts by the government (to include more laws and harsher punishments) did little to stop the rise of crime and disorder. Mostly due to the disorganization of their police force. In addition, the violation of civil rights led to many cases of civil disobedience and riots. Government corruption w as the main cause of citizens’ grief. The police force was mainly used to suppress civil disorderly by any means necessary which led to more resistance, protest and riots. These events led to many criminal justiceShow MoreRelatedThe Development and Responsibilites of Police Officers Essay2519 Words   |  11 Pagesorigins of police work have actually begun. During the medieval times, fudal lords would hire strong men who would ensure that everyone paid their taxes. These hired brutes attempted to maintain some sort of order throughout the kingdom among the people. Unfortunately, in most cases, these men only followed their employer’s wishes and did not handle situations in honest or civilized ways (p.142). When America was first colonized the people living here followed a British form of police organizationRead MorePolice Use Excessive Force On People And Mistreat Minorities1634 Words   |  7 Pageslikely to be mistreated by the police compared to other people (Dunnaville, 2000). Recent incidents have seen the police use excessive force on people and mistreat minorities. As such, the legitimacy of the police has been put under scrutiny and questioned. Many communities in the United States have demonstrated in reaction to recent incidents of police misconduct and excessive use of force. The people have lost trust in the police because of these issues. The police force has been accused of mistreatingRead MoreOfficer Selection And Training Process872 Words   |  4 PagesOfficer Selection and Training Process CJS/210 Martin Hewlett February 1st, 2015 Each and every state has many different police agencies within the cities, these agencies have a specific selection and training process in order to be recruited and considered a full time employee. Now we know that not all are alike in every single way as there are little things here and there that may change a tad. For the most part all the major training and requirements are the similar nationwide. In order toRead MoreTertiary Education Should Be Required As A Prerequisite For Order For Join The Police Force930 Words   |  4 Pagesorder to join the police force. Introduction: Problem: Without prior tertiary education, police are entering the workforce under skilled. Claim: All police should be required to have tertiary education as it promotes police professionalism, improves standards in both policing and security and encourages personal growth and ethical decision-making. Reasoning: By making tertiary education a prerequisite when joining the police force, it is ensuring that all potential police officers are fully equippedRead MoreThe Washington Metro Police Enforcement And The Administration Of Justice903 Words   |  4 PagesThe Pittsburgh and Cincinnati Police Departments showed that implementing new programming and protocols which officers are favorable toward without forcing their culture to change had the most success. Whereas the Washington Metro Police saw a steady increase in misconduct after reform was implemented as a form of backlash. Diversification and reform (source 9 and 10) In recent years, reporters and commentators assumed that racial diversification of police officers would reduce misconduct, as wellRead MoreLaw Enforcement History: Historical Development of Police Agencies and Their Jurisdictions1017 Words   |  4 PagesThe Historical Development of Police Agencies and Their Jurisdictions: An Analysis Man is cruel and competitive. For these reasons, man often times wrongs others in society. And for this reason, it is necessary to have a law enforcement agency, whether local, state-based, or federal. In the absence of the rule of law, society would not be able to function, and man must make a pact that, in order to live and be protected within society, he must obey these laws. Police agencies often times serveRead MoreSir Robert Peel Essay847 Words   |  4 Pageseven torture. Times have changed since the beginnings of police tactics now it is incredibly uncommon to see public humiliation due to a crime. American policing has changed multiple times over the past hundred plus years. In most eyes the changes have been for the best of the policing system, trying to establish a concrete system. The policing system has developed overtime into a professional position, preventing crime, using the police officers as authority, and how this early system was adopted inRead MoreAn Eyewitnes s Of Police Brutality Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pagesgood and the bad. I am an eyewitness of police brutality that has taken place on a daily basis there. There are several individuals in Baltimore who have no respect for the police at all and the reason is they feel as if the police officers have no respect for them. A Baltimore resident by the name Freddie Gray died from a spinal injury at the hands of police during an arrest on April 2015. Trust he was the not the first who was injured or killed in police custody in Baltimore. â€Å"$5.7 million is theRead MorePhysical Fitness And Wellness Policy For The Austin Peay State University Police Department Essay1351 Words   |  6 Pagespolicy for the Austin Peay State University Police Department. It is my intention to examine the purpose and structure of a physical fitness and wellness policy and compare some precedent-setting court cases. By doing this, I hope to show that the Austin Peay State University Police Department needs to create a physical fitness and wellness policy. This physical fitness policy is needed because the functions performed by the police and security officers employed by the department require a level ofRead MorePolice Brutality And Corruption, War, And Peace1640 Words   |  7 Pages This research question will clearly address the variations of police practices over the past 5 years in Baltimore City and Baltimore County, due to the recent incidents regarding police brutality and corruption. Using Chapter 12 Politics, Power, War, and Peace, will help show the relationships between politics in law enforcement and police officers, which deals with a lot of power and peace. Chapter 12 Politics, Power, War, and Peace, Section Cultural Controls in Maintaining Order states â€Å"Every

Literature’s Effect During the Abolitionist Movement Essay

Throughout American history, literature has been used to bring social injustices into public view. One successful example of this was anti-slavery work written before and during the Abolitionist Movement. Abolitionist literature began to appear predominantly in 1820. Until the Civil War, the anti-slavery press produced a steadily growing stream of newspaper articles, periodicals, sermons, childrens publications, speeches, abolitionist society reports, broadsides, poems, and memoirs of former slaves. These works, initially a grass roots effort, led to increased support for the end of slavery. Through the use of vivid imagery and life experiences these authors were able to show their readers the crimes against humanity caused by slavery.†¦show more content†¦The permanence of slavery could only end in death. Dying before their time is an indignity faced by many slaves, but for most it is the only path to freedom. The author was able to transcend societal boundaries and show the reader that the slaves were just like them – people who value family, freedom, pride and life. Another common form of anti-slavery literature was newspaper articles. These publications were circulated around the colonies to serve two main proposes: build additional support for the anti-slavery movement and to inform the readers of the progress of the movement. These articles included places of protest, and recommended newly publicized works including â€Å"Uncle Tom’s Cabin.† While these publications were readily available in the north, the laws banning them in the south made it nearly impossible for supporters and slaves to keep ties on the movement. Below are the most popular publications of the time: Black Anti-Slavery Newspapers Title City Established Freedoms Journal New York 30 March 1827 Rights of All New York 28 March 1828 Weekly Advocate New York January 1837 Colored American New York 4 March 1837 (formerly the Weekly Advocate) Elevator Albany 1842 National Watchman

Marketing Within the Global Economy

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Within the Global Economy. Answer: Business Overview Apple is a multinational technology conglomerate that has headquarters situated in Cupertino, California. The Company is known to design, develop as well as sell individual electronic goods as well as computer software. The hardware goods of Apple include iPad tablet computer, iPod manageable media player as well as Apple smart watch. On the other hand, the software goods of Apple include macOS and iOS operating systems (Rodrigues Minshall, 2015). Steve Jobs, Steve Woznaik and Ronald Wayne instituted the Company in the year 1976. It is integrated as Apple Computer Inc. in the year 1977 however; it was renamed as Apple Inc. in the year 2007. Purpose of the Report The report mostly focus on the operation of Apple in the United Kingdom and Braziland the report also seeks to analyze how the macroeconomic environment within these two contexts might have an influence on the economic activity of the Company. Analysis of the Market Structure - United Kingdom and Brazil United Kingdom Apple Inc. is considered in two different market structures such as oligopoly and monopolistic competition. The share of the UK Smartphone market had augmented enormously due to the share of Apple. IPhone accounts for more than 39.5 percent of Smartphone sales in the UK. Almost one-third of the iPhone sales are made through the retail stores of Apple. Both iPhone6 and iPhone6 plus emerged as the best-selling product of Apple that shifted more than 10 million units (Hardman Steinberger-Wilckens, 2014). Apple mostly faces a monopolistic competitive market structure in the UK, as it has no barriers to entry. The major feature of the Company is that it involves product differentiation. In other words, the Company differentiates its product by making use of several features. Apple also takes the prices charged by its competitors as specified and avoids the impact of its own prices on the prices of other firms. As per the reports, more than 86 percent of UK purchasers upgraded from an old er iPhone model however; only 5 percent of the individuals switched across from Samsung (Lambert, 2017). Brazil The market structure of Apple in Brazil is competitive as the Company faces competitive obstacle in the market of Brazil. Although Brazil is considered as one of the largest and fastest growing Smartphone markets, yet Apple does not have a single retail store in Brazil. As a result, Apple commands less than 10 percent of the market share in Brazil that is quite similar to that of other developing countries such as China, India and Russia (Baghestany, Yazdani Ahmadian, 2015). Apple mostly faces competition from Samsung that is considered as the brand of choice in Brazil. Apple faces a rising battle in Brazil where IPhone is continuously facing competition from Android. The individuals find it too costly to afford an iPhone. With a price tag of $2000 in Brazil, the iPhone is more than three times more costly as compared to other similar models such as Samsung. Comparative Analysis of Macroeconomic Indicators - United Kingdom and Brazil Year GDP growth rate (Brazil) GDP growth rate (UK) 2007 6.07 2.56 2008 5.09 -0.63 2009 -0.13 -4.33 2010 7.53 1.92 2011 3.91 1.51 2012 1.92 1.31 2013 3.02 1.91 2014 0.10 3.07 2015 -3.85 2.22 Figure 1: GDP Growth Rate (Source: Created by Author) The graph shows that the GDP growth rate of the UK was 2.56 in the year 2007 that was comparatively less as compared to the GDP growth rate of Brazil that was 6.07. The GDP growth rate of the UK from the year 2010-2012 averaged to 1.58 percent. However, on the other hand, the GDP growth rate of Brazil from the year 2010-2012 averaged to 4.53 percent. On the other hand, in the year 2013, the GDP growth rate of the UK was 3.07 that were relatively higher as compared to that of Brazil that was 0.10. Similarly, in the year 2015, the GDP growth rate of the UK in the year 2015 was 2.22 that was comparatively higher as compared to Brazil (Data.worldbank.org, 2017). Apple experienced a reduction of 40 percent in the sale of iPhone in Brazil as compared to that of the United Kingdom. The factors that led to the slowdown of sales is due to the ongoing global recession in Brazil. The lack of new features in the latest iPhone has led to reduction of attractiveness to customers. However, despite the economic unsteadiness Samsung stays the market leader in Smartphone sales in Brazil. Both Apple and Samsung is recognized as a premium brand in the country. Apple has also been focusing on more costly items to partly cover increase in cost that are caused by fluctuation in currency as well as demand of individuals for more highly developed devices (Sturgeon et al., 2016). Year GDP per capita at Constant Prices (UK) GDP per capita at Constant Prices (Brazil) 2007 3.1 1 2008 2.9 1.4 2009 2.4 1.7 2010 2 1.7 2011 2.1 2 2012 2.6 2 2013 2.2 2.5 2014 2.3 2.5 2015 2.9 2 Figure 2: GDP per capita at constant prices (Source: Created by Author) The diagram illustrates that the GDP per capita in the UK was three times more as compared to that of Brazil. Brazil has also overtaken the UK to become the sixth largest economy of the world. Despite expanding at a mere 3.5 percent in the year 2006, the powerhouse of the Brazil has viewed its GDP reach a record of 1.6 trillion. The overall, profit of Apple for the first quarter of 2015 increased to 1.7 percent to $18.4 billion. By contrast, the sale of Apple fell by 40 percent in Brazil mostly due to fall in real GDP. However, the strategy made by Apple is likely to augment the sale by reinvigorating the iPhone line. Apple is looking forward to market iPhone with larger screen to the thousands of individuals who did not purchase a new iPhone (Data.worldbank.org, 2017). Year CPI (Brazil) CPI (UK) 2007 3.6 2.3 2008 5.7 3.6 2009 4.9 2.2 2010 5.0 3.3 2011 6.6 4.5 2012 5.4 2.8 2013 6.2 2.6 2014 6.3 1.5 2015 9.0 0.1 Figure 3: CPI (Source: Created by Author) The rate of inflation is high in Brazil as compared to that of the United Kingdom. As a result, the purchasing power of Brazil is likely to decrease. As a result, the individuals in Brazil are likely to pay more for same commodities and services that will in turn reduce the sales of Apple. On the other hand, the consumer price index is comparatively less in the United Kingdom and as a result, the individuals are likely to purchase Apple at the market rather than at the elevated price. The type of inflation that is mostly faced by Apple is asset inflation that is mostly created by high demand. This is mostly because; the prices of the product of Apple are relatively high as compared to its competitors (Pimentel Choudhry, 2014). There is a specific status to owning an Apple product, and that permits Apple to charge elevated prices. The stability or low CPI in the UK is likely to contribute to the well-functioning economy, which lead to increase market share for Apple. Year Unemployment Rate (Brazil) Unemployment Rate (UK) 2008 8.1 5.4 2009 7.1 5.4 2010 8.3 7.8 2011 7.9 7.9 2012 6.7 7.8 2013 6.1 8.0 2014 6.5 7.5 2015 6.8 6.3 Figure 4: Unemployment Rate (Source: Created by Author) Over the year 2008-2015, the average rate of unemployment in Brazil averaged to 7.2 percent whereas, the average rate of unemployment in the UK averaged to 7 percent. In the year 2013, the UK witnessed highest rate of unemployment whereas; Brazil witnessed the lowest rate of unemployment of 6.1 percent. The increase rate of unemployment in Brazil is likely to lead to decline in consumer expenditure that will in turn affect trade that will lay off employees due to losses. In the year 2011, the rate of unemployment has been equal in both the countries. In the year 2014, the UK faced slow rate of economic growth however; the rate of unemployment fell unexpectedly. The high rate of unemployment is likely to decrease the demand for iPhone in Brazil and as a result, companies will produce lesser amount of products as well as they will cut workers (Mazzuia et al., 2015). In the year, the consumer market of Brazil worth of BRL2.9 trillion, leading the region of Latin America in terms of cons umer expenditure. Despite increasing government expenditure on several social programs that have helped to diminish inequality of income, the Gini Index of Brazil measures the inequality of income ranging from zero to 100 percent. The new middle class of Brazil is frail with yearly disposable income just above thresholds of middle class and as a result, they can easily return to poverty in case of any shock to the economy. As a result, Apple might not have stable platform to expand its business in Brazil. On the other hand, consumer spending pushed the UK to another solid quarter of expansion in the run-up to the referendum of Brexit. Household expenditure accounts for more than 60 percent of the economy of the UK. As a result, Apple will find its expansion in the UK because; more expenditure is likely to increase the scale of Apple (Gausden Hasan, 2016). Year % of GDP (Brazil) % of GDP (UK) 2007 18.9 19.4 2008 18.8 20.3 2009 19.7 21.8 2010 19.0 21.5 2011 18.7 20.9 2012 18.6 20.7 2013 19.0 20.1 2014 19.5 19.7 2015 20.2 19.4 Figure 5: % of GDP (Source: Created by Author) The biggest annual budget deficit has been witnessed by Brazil in the year 2014 with a budget gap 343.9 billion reais. The 6.7 percent gross domestic product of Brazil is compared with 3.25 percent deficit of the year 2013. On the other hand, the UK posted its biggest budget surplus before the financial crisis that took place in the year 2015. The surplus of the country was below the expectation of the economists and it indicated that the government borrowed 74 billion in the fiscal year to bridge the gap between proceeds as well as expenditure. A major budget deficit had been witnessed by Brazil in the year with almost 111.25 billion Reais and as a result, the % of GDP of Brazil had been low as compared to that of the UK. The major budget deficit is equal to 1.9 percent of GDP. There is only a single way by which Apple can survive in Brazil and that is only possible if the government prints more money to pay off the deficit. Year Current Account Balance (% of GDP) Current Account Balance (% of GDP) 2007 0.1 -2.5 2008 -1.7 -3.5 2009 -1.5 -2.9 2010 -3.4 -2.8 2011 -2.9 -1.8 2012 -3.0 -3.7 2013 -3.0 -4.4 2014 -4.3 -4.7 2015 -3.3 -5.4 Figure 6: Current Account Balance (% of GDP) (Source: Created by Author) The balance of payment records the business deal of both the countries with the rest of the world. The UK has had a persistent current account deficit in the last 15 years. This has been mostly caused by deficit in trade in commodities as well as deterioration in investment incomes. In the year 2015, the current account deficit of the UK was 96.4 billion (5.4 % of GDP). Apple mostly paid the UK employees abroad that led money leaving the UK and in turn creating debt on the current account (Bussiere, 2013). At present, outflows to UK employees are larger than inflows of overseas employees in the UK. The UK has a deficit in trade in commodities however; since the year 2011, the current account deficit has been augmented due to decrease in direct investment income. On the other hand, Brazil had a comparatively less current account deficit. In the year 2007, Brazil had a current account surplus of 0.1 percent of GDP. However, since 2008 Brazil faced current account deficit, the highest b eing 4.3 percent in the year 2014. As a result, due to current account deficit, both Brazil and the UK have lesser number of chances to create more jobs to expand the market for Apple (Dhingra et al., 2016). An analysis of the monetary and fiscal policy Both monetary and fiscal policies have played a key role in the suppression of inflation in Brazil. Despite the present economy slowdown in Brazil as well as increase in inflationary pressure, the long-term success of the Plan brings out greater stability of price. The policies bring out the foundation for alleviation of poverty as well as distorted distribution of income. The first characteristics of the Brazilian macroeconomic support include a shift from a system of semi-fixed rate of exchange to a managed floating exchange rate. The use of monetary policy and the rate of exchange helped to absorb the external shocks of the Brazilian economy (Fagiolo et al., 2014). The use of high level of rate of interest mostly regulated the target system of inflation. However, Brazil also utilized fiscal policy with the sole target to generate primary surplus. This will in turn help to maintain the stability of public debt and provide credibility to the government. However, Apple is a retail bu siness that is mostly affected by fiscal because; it changes the amount of disposable income that is expended by individuals. As a result, if Brazil makes the use of more fiscal policy, it will result in higher rates of interest and the retailers also requires to pay more for lines of credit. However, higher rates of interest is likely to attract more foreign investors that will in turn give the retailers more power to purchase while purchasing merchandise from overseas suppliers in domestic currency (Matheson Pereira, 2016). On the other hand, the present UK demand policy mostly concentrates on using monetary policy as the monetary policy has little advantage over the fiscal policy. With the help of fiscal policy, the country will be able to change the rate of interest more easily as compared to level of tax and investment. This will prove beneficial for Apple, as monetary policy will not involve government expenditure that will lead to high rates of interest (Friedman, 2015). The cost of credit will remain constant rather than increasing and as a result, it will increase purchase of the individuals. Monetary policy will also reduce uncertainty about the expansion of the market for Apple in the United Kingdom. An analysis of the foreign trade policy instruments A global economic crisis has been weathered by Brazil that has been supported by local and overseas demand as well as good macroeconomic policies. Brazil has also contributed to worldwide economic recovery by considerably rising imports. Brazil is one of the most active participants of the WTO (World Trade Organization) and within the BRICS group of leading up-and-coming countries. Brazil stays committed to strengthening the multilateral business system (Hopewell, 2013). Foreign investors in Brazil receive the similar legal treatment as that of domestic investors in most of the economic sectors. This will in turn prove beneficial for Apple to expand its market. The decision to leave the EU, have led the UK to reconfigure its foreign trade policy. The UK trade policy observatory had formed a collaboration between Ghatham House as well as the University of Sussex that in turn supported the enhancement of new trade policies in the post-Brexit period (Walsh Mander, 2017). References Baghestany, A. A., Yazdani, S., Ahmadian, M. (2015). World trade market structure for corn. International Journal of Life Sciences, 8(5), 1-5. Bussiere, M. (2013). Balance of payment crises in emerging markets: how early were the earlywarning signals?. Applied Economics, 45(12), 1601-1623. Current account balance (% of GDP) | Data. (2017). Data.worldbank.org. 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New protagonists in global economic governance: Brazilian agribusiness at the WTO. New Political Economy, 18(4), 603-623. Lambert, T. (2017). Monopoly Capital and Entrepreneurism: Whither Small Business?. Matheson, M. T., Pereira, M. J. (2016). Fiscal multipliers for Brazil. International Monetary Fund. Mazzuia, A. R. D. O., Machado, D. R., Fukumothi, D. K., Nunes, L. F. B., Tucci Neto, C., Jorge, H. M. D. H., ... Mattos, C. A. D. (2015). Iphone app use to Cobb angle in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Does this apply?. Coluna/Columna, 14(2), 101-104. Pimentel, R. C., Choudhry, T. (2014). Stock returns under high inflation and interest rates: evidence from the Brazilian market. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 50(1), 71-92. Rodrigues, A., Minshall, T. H. (2015). Assessing strategic importance of innovation to multinational corporations. Sturgeon, T., Gereffi, G., Guinn, A., Zylberberg, E. (2016). Brazil in Global Value Chains. Walsh, C., Mander, S. (2017). Contextualising the drivers for trade: Some lessons from historical case studies. Marine Policy, 75, 290-299.