Marketing Within the Global Economy

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Within the Global Economy. Answer: Business Overview Apple is a multinational technology conglomerate that has headquarters situated in Cupertino, California. The Company is known to design, develop as well as sell individual electronic goods as well as computer software. The hardware goods of Apple include iPad tablet computer, iPod manageable media player as well as Apple smart watch. On the other hand, the software goods of Apple include macOS and iOS operating systems (Rodrigues Minshall, 2015). Steve Jobs, Steve Woznaik and Ronald Wayne instituted the Company in the year 1976. It is integrated as Apple Computer Inc. in the year 1977 however; it was renamed as Apple Inc. in the year 2007. Purpose of the Report The report mostly focus on the operation of Apple in the United Kingdom and Braziland the report also seeks to analyze how the macroeconomic environment within these two contexts might have an influence on the economic activity of the Company. Analysis of the Market Structure - United Kingdom and Brazil United Kingdom Apple Inc. is considered in two different market structures such as oligopoly and monopolistic competition. The share of the UK Smartphone market had augmented enormously due to the share of Apple. IPhone accounts for more than 39.5 percent of Smartphone sales in the UK. Almost one-third of the iPhone sales are made through the retail stores of Apple. Both iPhone6 and iPhone6 plus emerged as the best-selling product of Apple that shifted more than 10 million units (Hardman Steinberger-Wilckens, 2014). Apple mostly faces a monopolistic competitive market structure in the UK, as it has no barriers to entry. The major feature of the Company is that it involves product differentiation. In other words, the Company differentiates its product by making use of several features. Apple also takes the prices charged by its competitors as specified and avoids the impact of its own prices on the prices of other firms. As per the reports, more than 86 percent of UK purchasers upgraded from an old er iPhone model however; only 5 percent of the individuals switched across from Samsung (Lambert, 2017). Brazil The market structure of Apple in Brazil is competitive as the Company faces competitive obstacle in the market of Brazil. Although Brazil is considered as one of the largest and fastest growing Smartphone markets, yet Apple does not have a single retail store in Brazil. As a result, Apple commands less than 10 percent of the market share in Brazil that is quite similar to that of other developing countries such as China, India and Russia (Baghestany, Yazdani Ahmadian, 2015). Apple mostly faces competition from Samsung that is considered as the brand of choice in Brazil. Apple faces a rising battle in Brazil where IPhone is continuously facing competition from Android. The individuals find it too costly to afford an iPhone. With a price tag of $2000 in Brazil, the iPhone is more than three times more costly as compared to other similar models such as Samsung. Comparative Analysis of Macroeconomic Indicators - United Kingdom and Brazil Year GDP growth rate (Brazil) GDP growth rate (UK) 2007 6.07 2.56 2008 5.09 -0.63 2009 -0.13 -4.33 2010 7.53 1.92 2011 3.91 1.51 2012 1.92 1.31 2013 3.02 1.91 2014 0.10 3.07 2015 -3.85 2.22 Figure 1: GDP Growth Rate (Source: Created by Author) The graph shows that the GDP growth rate of the UK was 2.56 in the year 2007 that was comparatively less as compared to the GDP growth rate of Brazil that was 6.07. The GDP growth rate of the UK from the year 2010-2012 averaged to 1.58 percent. However, on the other hand, the GDP growth rate of Brazil from the year 2010-2012 averaged to 4.53 percent. On the other hand, in the year 2013, the GDP growth rate of the UK was 3.07 that were relatively higher as compared to that of Brazil that was 0.10. Similarly, in the year 2015, the GDP growth rate of the UK in the year 2015 was 2.22 that was comparatively higher as compared to Brazil (Data.worldbank.org, 2017). Apple experienced a reduction of 40 percent in the sale of iPhone in Brazil as compared to that of the United Kingdom. The factors that led to the slowdown of sales is due to the ongoing global recession in Brazil. The lack of new features in the latest iPhone has led to reduction of attractiveness to customers. However, despite the economic unsteadiness Samsung stays the market leader in Smartphone sales in Brazil. Both Apple and Samsung is recognized as a premium brand in the country. Apple has also been focusing on more costly items to partly cover increase in cost that are caused by fluctuation in currency as well as demand of individuals for more highly developed devices (Sturgeon et al., 2016). Year GDP per capita at Constant Prices (UK) GDP per capita at Constant Prices (Brazil) 2007 3.1 1 2008 2.9 1.4 2009 2.4 1.7 2010 2 1.7 2011 2.1 2 2012 2.6 2 2013 2.2 2.5 2014 2.3 2.5 2015 2.9 2 Figure 2: GDP per capita at constant prices (Source: Created by Author) The diagram illustrates that the GDP per capita in the UK was three times more as compared to that of Brazil. Brazil has also overtaken the UK to become the sixth largest economy of the world. Despite expanding at a mere 3.5 percent in the year 2006, the powerhouse of the Brazil has viewed its GDP reach a record of 1.6 trillion. The overall, profit of Apple for the first quarter of 2015 increased to 1.7 percent to $18.4 billion. By contrast, the sale of Apple fell by 40 percent in Brazil mostly due to fall in real GDP. However, the strategy made by Apple is likely to augment the sale by reinvigorating the iPhone line. Apple is looking forward to market iPhone with larger screen to the thousands of individuals who did not purchase a new iPhone (Data.worldbank.org, 2017). Year CPI (Brazil) CPI (UK) 2007 3.6 2.3 2008 5.7 3.6 2009 4.9 2.2 2010 5.0 3.3 2011 6.6 4.5 2012 5.4 2.8 2013 6.2 2.6 2014 6.3 1.5 2015 9.0 0.1 Figure 3: CPI (Source: Created by Author) The rate of inflation is high in Brazil as compared to that of the United Kingdom. As a result, the purchasing power of Brazil is likely to decrease. As a result, the individuals in Brazil are likely to pay more for same commodities and services that will in turn reduce the sales of Apple. On the other hand, the consumer price index is comparatively less in the United Kingdom and as a result, the individuals are likely to purchase Apple at the market rather than at the elevated price. The type of inflation that is mostly faced by Apple is asset inflation that is mostly created by high demand. This is mostly because; the prices of the product of Apple are relatively high as compared to its competitors (Pimentel Choudhry, 2014). There is a specific status to owning an Apple product, and that permits Apple to charge elevated prices. The stability or low CPI in the UK is likely to contribute to the well-functioning economy, which lead to increase market share for Apple. Year Unemployment Rate (Brazil) Unemployment Rate (UK) 2008 8.1 5.4 2009 7.1 5.4 2010 8.3 7.8 2011 7.9 7.9 2012 6.7 7.8 2013 6.1 8.0 2014 6.5 7.5 2015 6.8 6.3 Figure 4: Unemployment Rate (Source: Created by Author) Over the year 2008-2015, the average rate of unemployment in Brazil averaged to 7.2 percent whereas, the average rate of unemployment in the UK averaged to 7 percent. In the year 2013, the UK witnessed highest rate of unemployment whereas; Brazil witnessed the lowest rate of unemployment of 6.1 percent. The increase rate of unemployment in Brazil is likely to lead to decline in consumer expenditure that will in turn affect trade that will lay off employees due to losses. In the year 2011, the rate of unemployment has been equal in both the countries. In the year 2014, the UK faced slow rate of economic growth however; the rate of unemployment fell unexpectedly. The high rate of unemployment is likely to decrease the demand for iPhone in Brazil and as a result, companies will produce lesser amount of products as well as they will cut workers (Mazzuia et al., 2015). In the year, the consumer market of Brazil worth of BRL2.9 trillion, leading the region of Latin America in terms of cons umer expenditure. Despite increasing government expenditure on several social programs that have helped to diminish inequality of income, the Gini Index of Brazil measures the inequality of income ranging from zero to 100 percent. The new middle class of Brazil is frail with yearly disposable income just above thresholds of middle class and as a result, they can easily return to poverty in case of any shock to the economy. As a result, Apple might not have stable platform to expand its business in Brazil. On the other hand, consumer spending pushed the UK to another solid quarter of expansion in the run-up to the referendum of Brexit. Household expenditure accounts for more than 60 percent of the economy of the UK. As a result, Apple will find its expansion in the UK because; more expenditure is likely to increase the scale of Apple (Gausden Hasan, 2016). Year % of GDP (Brazil) % of GDP (UK) 2007 18.9 19.4 2008 18.8 20.3 2009 19.7 21.8 2010 19.0 21.5 2011 18.7 20.9 2012 18.6 20.7 2013 19.0 20.1 2014 19.5 19.7 2015 20.2 19.4 Figure 5: % of GDP (Source: Created by Author) The biggest annual budget deficit has been witnessed by Brazil in the year 2014 with a budget gap 343.9 billion reais. The 6.7 percent gross domestic product of Brazil is compared with 3.25 percent deficit of the year 2013. On the other hand, the UK posted its biggest budget surplus before the financial crisis that took place in the year 2015. The surplus of the country was below the expectation of the economists and it indicated that the government borrowed 74 billion in the fiscal year to bridge the gap between proceeds as well as expenditure. A major budget deficit had been witnessed by Brazil in the year with almost 111.25 billion Reais and as a result, the % of GDP of Brazil had been low as compared to that of the UK. The major budget deficit is equal to 1.9 percent of GDP. There is only a single way by which Apple can survive in Brazil and that is only possible if the government prints more money to pay off the deficit. Year Current Account Balance (% of GDP) Current Account Balance (% of GDP) 2007 0.1 -2.5 2008 -1.7 -3.5 2009 -1.5 -2.9 2010 -3.4 -2.8 2011 -2.9 -1.8 2012 -3.0 -3.7 2013 -3.0 -4.4 2014 -4.3 -4.7 2015 -3.3 -5.4 Figure 6: Current Account Balance (% of GDP) (Source: Created by Author) The balance of payment records the business deal of both the countries with the rest of the world. The UK has had a persistent current account deficit in the last 15 years. This has been mostly caused by deficit in trade in commodities as well as deterioration in investment incomes. In the year 2015, the current account deficit of the UK was 96.4 billion (5.4 % of GDP). Apple mostly paid the UK employees abroad that led money leaving the UK and in turn creating debt on the current account (Bussiere, 2013). At present, outflows to UK employees are larger than inflows of overseas employees in the UK. The UK has a deficit in trade in commodities however; since the year 2011, the current account deficit has been augmented due to decrease in direct investment income. On the other hand, Brazil had a comparatively less current account deficit. In the year 2007, Brazil had a current account surplus of 0.1 percent of GDP. However, since 2008 Brazil faced current account deficit, the highest b eing 4.3 percent in the year 2014. As a result, due to current account deficit, both Brazil and the UK have lesser number of chances to create more jobs to expand the market for Apple (Dhingra et al., 2016). An analysis of the monetary and fiscal policy Both monetary and fiscal policies have played a key role in the suppression of inflation in Brazil. Despite the present economy slowdown in Brazil as well as increase in inflationary pressure, the long-term success of the Plan brings out greater stability of price. The policies bring out the foundation for alleviation of poverty as well as distorted distribution of income. The first characteristics of the Brazilian macroeconomic support include a shift from a system of semi-fixed rate of exchange to a managed floating exchange rate. The use of monetary policy and the rate of exchange helped to absorb the external shocks of the Brazilian economy (Fagiolo et al., 2014). The use of high level of rate of interest mostly regulated the target system of inflation. However, Brazil also utilized fiscal policy with the sole target to generate primary surplus. This will in turn help to maintain the stability of public debt and provide credibility to the government. However, Apple is a retail bu siness that is mostly affected by fiscal because; it changes the amount of disposable income that is expended by individuals. As a result, if Brazil makes the use of more fiscal policy, it will result in higher rates of interest and the retailers also requires to pay more for lines of credit. However, higher rates of interest is likely to attract more foreign investors that will in turn give the retailers more power to purchase while purchasing merchandise from overseas suppliers in domestic currency (Matheson Pereira, 2016). On the other hand, the present UK demand policy mostly concentrates on using monetary policy as the monetary policy has little advantage over the fiscal policy. With the help of fiscal policy, the country will be able to change the rate of interest more easily as compared to level of tax and investment. This will prove beneficial for Apple, as monetary policy will not involve government expenditure that will lead to high rates of interest (Friedman, 2015). The cost of credit will remain constant rather than increasing and as a result, it will increase purchase of the individuals. Monetary policy will also reduce uncertainty about the expansion of the market for Apple in the United Kingdom. An analysis of the foreign trade policy instruments A global economic crisis has been weathered by Brazil that has been supported by local and overseas demand as well as good macroeconomic policies. Brazil has also contributed to worldwide economic recovery by considerably rising imports. Brazil is one of the most active participants of the WTO (World Trade Organization) and within the BRICS group of leading up-and-coming countries. Brazil stays committed to strengthening the multilateral business system (Hopewell, 2013). Foreign investors in Brazil receive the similar legal treatment as that of domestic investors in most of the economic sectors. This will in turn prove beneficial for Apple to expand its market. The decision to leave the EU, have led the UK to reconfigure its foreign trade policy. The UK trade policy observatory had formed a collaboration between Ghatham House as well as the University of Sussex that in turn supported the enhancement of new trade policies in the post-Brexit period (Walsh Mander, 2017). References Baghestany, A. A., Yazdani, S., Ahmadian, M. (2015). World trade market structure for corn. International Journal of Life Sciences, 8(5), 1-5. Bussiere, M. (2013). Balance of payment crises in emerging markets: how early were the earlywarning signals?. Applied Economics, 45(12), 1601-1623. Current account balance (% of GDP) | Data. (2017). Data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 25 January 2017, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BN.CAB.XOKA.GD.ZS?locations=GB-BR Dhingra, S., Ottaviano, G. I., Sampson, T., Reenen, J. V. (2016). The consequences of Brexit for UK trade and living standards. Fagiolo, G., Treibich, T. G., Roventini, A., Napoletano, M., Dosi, G. (2014). Fiscal and monetary policies in complex evolving economies (No. 006). Friedman, B. M. (2015). Has the financial crisis permanently changed the practice of monetary policy? Has it changed the theory of monetary policy?. The Manchester School, 83(S1), 5-19. Gausden, R., Hasan, M. S. (2016). Would information on consumer confidence have helped to predict UK household expenditure during the recent economic crisis?. Applied Economics, 48(18), 1695-1709. Hardman, S., Steinberger-Wilckens, R. (2014). Mobile phone infrastructure development: lessons for the development of a hydrogen infrastructure. international journal of hydrogen energy, 39(16), 8185-8193. Hopewell, K. (2013). New protagonists in global economic governance: Brazilian agribusiness at the WTO. New Political Economy, 18(4), 603-623. Lambert, T. (2017). Monopoly Capital and Entrepreneurism: Whither Small Business?. Matheson, M. T., Pereira, M. J. (2016). Fiscal multipliers for Brazil. International Monetary Fund. Mazzuia, A. R. D. O., Machado, D. R., Fukumothi, D. K., Nunes, L. F. B., Tucci Neto, C., Jorge, H. M. D. H., ... Mattos, C. A. D. (2015). Iphone app use to Cobb angle in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Does this apply?. Coluna/Columna, 14(2), 101-104. Pimentel, R. C., Choudhry, T. (2014). Stock returns under high inflation and interest rates: evidence from the Brazilian market. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 50(1), 71-92. Rodrigues, A., Minshall, T. H. (2015). Assessing strategic importance of innovation to multinational corporations. Sturgeon, T., Gereffi, G., Guinn, A., Zylberberg, E. (2016). Brazil in Global Value Chains. Walsh, C., Mander, S. (2017). Contextualising the drivers for trade: Some lessons from historical case studies. Marine Policy, 75, 290-299.

Resource Identification, Evaluation and Selection Congestive heart failure

Overview Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) is one of the common health challenges in aging persons. The health condition is one of the major causes of deaths and health complications for individuals that above sixty five years. Congestive Heart Failure is not only a major cause of health complication and death in aging individuals but also contribute high number of re-admission among aging person. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Resource Identification, Evaluation and Selection: Congestive heart failure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, treating Congestive Heart Failure cost a fortune and is a major challenge to families with a CHF patient. Considering its significance to the health of aging persons, Health care provision for aging persons should therefore consider CHF management. Because of increased cases of CHF and its health and cost implications, various recent research studies have focused towards c oming up with better CHF management (Whalley, et a., 2002; Ross, J., et al., 2010; Goldberg, et al., 2005; Colonna, et al., 2003). Congestive Heart Failure as an area of research is not fully exhausted despite of many research studies dedicated to it. This paper will discuss the process involved in coming up with a topic for research study, resources for information, search strategy and summary, and evaluation of sources. Problem Statement The major challenge in management of Congestive Heart Failure is frequent re-admission of CHF patients. Considering health risk and treatment cost implication, re-admission of CHF patients have high implication to the patients, their families and health care providers. The cause of frequent re-admission of CHF patients have been a subject to many researchers. Among the frequently proposed causes of re-admission, include narrow understanding of the health condition among patients and poor adherence to treatment and diet. Other proposed causes of re-admission include poor management of other health conditions such as respiratory infection and hypertension. In addition, poor discharge and planning and poor follow up of patients are cited as possible factors that contribute to increased CHF re-admission cases (Reis, et al., 1997; Jaarsma, et al., 1998). Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Most of literature addressing hospitalization of CHF patients agree that much can be done reduce re-admission cares and improve quality of life of CHF (Kornowski, Zeeli, Averbuch, et al. 1995; Smith, Fabbri, Pai, et al.,1997; Rich, Beckham, Wittenberg, et al., 1995). This study will revisit re-admission of CHF patients in relation to medication compliance, diet modification and community health programs. The study will also explore the role of case management in mitigating re-admission. In order to address the problem, the study will seek to provide answers to the question: What are the reasons why Congestive Heart Failure cases have high number of admissions? Problem Symptoms or Evidence Congestive heart failure refers to a health condition where the heart is unable pump enough blood to other body parts especially critical body organs. CHF is a major health issue in United States as well as other parts of the world. The health conditions incapacitate patients and can lead to death (Schocken, Arrieta, Leaverton Ross, 1992). In United States, about three million people suffer from congestive heart failure. As the number of elderly people increase, without better management programs CHF a major health challenge in the future. Currently, treating congestive heart failure cost as much as ten thousand US dollars. The cost is definitely very expensive to majority of people and a heavy burden to health care providers and health insurance companies. Apart from the high cost of treating congestive heart failure, the healt h condition has low mortality at an average of about five years. Congestive heart failure is a major health challenge and cause of hospitalization for individuals above sixty five years. Symptoms to congestive heart failure include progressive shortness of breath for long, fluid retention in the body, weight gained within three days, loss of appetite, and swollen feet, legs and ankle before admission. The health condition is correlated to other health issues such as diabetes (Nichols, et al., 2004; Dokainish, et al., 2004). For instance, diabetes patients are almost twice as vulnerable to CHF compared to other individuals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Resource Identification, Evaluation and Selection: Congestive heart failure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Literature Search Keywords A search strategy is required for a successful research study. Important to a search strategy is keywords. Key words refer to words or phrase that, when used, can help a researcher to identify the appropriate sources and information for a research study. Key word ought to capture the topic under study and direct a researcher towards most appropriate literature. There could be many sources related to a research study. As a good researcher, one has to sort out the many sources to come up with the most relevant and appropriate sources. The key words that were used for the study were related to congestive heart failure and re-admission. Below is a list of the key words that were used to search for appropriate sources for the study. Heart failure Cardiac health Heart diseases Cardiac Edema Shortness of Breath Cardiovascular diseases Congestion Congestive heart failure Types of heart diseases Cardiac Risk Factors Among the search terms â€Å"Congestive heart failure† was found to be the most resourceful. Searches using the keyword provided important results related to research problem. Resources Resou rces of a research study have high contribution to quality of a study. A good resource should provide wide range of information on a research topic. In addition to wide range of information, a research resource should be reliable. For the study, two primary resources were identifies: Google Search CINAHL Modification of Keyword Searches In order refine results from searches using keywords, modification of search terms was necessary. Modification of search terms helped in identifying specific information and sources to the research problem. Boolean operations were very helpful in modifying the search terms. The search started by tying the word heart failure, and all the topics related to Congested Heart Failure came out. By putting the word CHF + the word specifically needed such as medication, diet, signs and symptoms, the search brought in specific articles necessary for the study. Below is modification of search terms that were most resourceful Heart failure OR congestive heart failureAdvertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Congestive heart failure AND re-admission Heart failure+ causes and symptoms Congestive heart failure AND edema Congestive heart failure AND diabetes Congestive heart failure AND mortality Congestive heart failure+ medication compliance Congestive heart failure AND diet modification Most Useful Keywords The most useful word in the search made is Congestive heart failure. A very broad topic to search but with the help of the Boolean sign it narrows down to specific search. Citation of Sources Nichols, G., Gullion, C., Koro, C., Ephross, S. Brown, J. (2004). The Incidence of Congestive Heart Failure in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 27(8) Reis, S., Holubkov, R. Edmundowicz, D., McNamara, D., Zell, K., Detre, K. Feldman A. (1997). Treatment of patients admitted to the hospital with congestive heart failure: specialty-related disparities in practice patterns and outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol 30(3), 733-738 Schocken, D., Arrieta, M., Leaverton, P. Ross, E. (1992). Prevalence and mortali ty rate of congestive heart failure in the United States. J Am Coll Cardiol 20, 301-306 Jaarsma, T., Halfens, R., Huijer, H., Dracup, K., Gorgels, T., Van Ree, J. Stappers, J. (1998). Effect of education and support on self-care and resource utilization in patients with heart failure. European Heart Journal 20(9), 673-682 Dokainish, H., Zoghbi, W., Lakkis, N., Ambriz, E., Rajnikant, P., Quinones, M. Nagueh, S. (2004). Incremental predictive power of B-type natriuretic peptide and tissue Doppler echocardiography in the prognosis of patients with congestive heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 45(8), 1223-1226 Whalley, G., Doughty, R., Gamble, G., Wright, S., Walsh, H., Muncaster, S. Sharpe, N. (2002). Pseudonormal mitral filling pattern predicts hospital re-admission in patients with congestive heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 39(11), 1787-1795 Ross, J., et al. (2010).Recent National Trends in Readmission Rates after Heart Failur e Hospitalization. Circulation 122, 1645-51 Goldberg, R., Farmer, C., Spencer, F., Pezzella, S. Meyer, T. (2005). Use of nonpharmacologic treatment approached in patients with heart failure. International Journal of Cardiology 110(3), 348-353 Colonna, P., Sorino, M., Agostino, C., Bovenzi, F., De Luca, L. Arrigo, F. de Luca, I. (2003). Nonpharmacologic care of heart failure: counseling, dietary restriction, rehabilitation, treatment of sleep apnea, and ultrafiltration. American Journal of Cardiology 91(9), 41-50 Kornowski R, Zeeli D, Averbuch M, et al. (1995). Intensive home-care surveillance prevents hospitalization and improves morbidity rates among elderly patients with severe congestive heart failure. American Heart Journal 129, 162–6. Smith L., Fabbri S. Pai R., et al. (1997). Symptomatic improvement and reduced hospitalization for patients attending a cardiomyopathy clinic. Clin Cardiol 20, 949–54 Rich M, Beckham V, Wittenberg C, et al. (1995). A multidisciplin ary intervention to prevent the readmission of elderly patients with congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 333, 1190–5 CARS Evaluation table Source Credibility Accuracy Reasonability Support Nichols, G., et al. (2004). The Incidence of Congestive Heart Failure in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 27(8) The article has high credibility. The authors are scholars at University of Pittsburgh. The article is peer reviewed. Methodology used for the study seems to be reliable. The authors reviews and cite other reliable sources and provide comprehensive information. In addition, the article is relatively recent. No bias was observed in the article. The authors were objective in their study and did not side with any side. The authors provide complete list references that they used for the study. Appropriate in-text citations were provided Schocken, D., Arrieta, M., Leaverton, P. Ross, E. (1992). Prevalence and mortality rate of congestive heart failure in the United States. J Am Coll Cardiol 20, 301-306 Article has high credibility. The article is peer reviewed and authors are scholars in the field of medicine The article is relatively old and some of information presented could not accurate. No bias was observed in the article. The authors demonstrated objectiveness and professionalism in conducting the study. Adequate support is observed in the article. The article cites and is cited in other journal articles Nichols, G., Gullion, C., Koro, C., Ephross, S. Brown, J. (2004). The Incidence of Congestive Heart Failure in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 27(8) All the authors are PHD holders and scholars in the fields of diabetes and cardiovascular health. The article is peer reviewed and therefore credible The study is recent and therefore information in the article is likely to be accurate. Sufficient sample size reliable research methods were used for the study The authors assume a balanced approach to the study. No explicit bias was observed in the article. Supportive article are cited in the article. In addition to providing reliable reference list, the authors provide contact details through which they can be contacted. Jaarsma, T., et al. (1998). Effect of education and support on self-care and resource utilization in patients with heart failure. European Heart Journal 20(9), 673-682 European Heart Journal is a reputable journal that published credible articles. In addition, the authors are seasoned researchers in the area nor cardiac health The article is relatively recent and uses and appropriate research methodology. However, the sample size used for the study was small to generalize the outcome. The authors were fair in the study and were not biased. The authors give credit to other authors whom they cite their articles Dokainish, H., et al. (2004). Incremental predictive power of B-type natriuretic peptide and tissue Doppler echocardiography in the prognosis of patients with congestive heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 45(8), 12223-1226 The article is highly credible. Journal of the American college of Cardiology is reliable and the authors are credible Accuracy of information in the article appears to be high. The article is recent and therefore information in the article is current. There is high reasonability for the article. The authors addressed the subject under study objectively without apparent bias. The article meets the criteria for support. The authors provided comprehensive background information and cite credible sources in their article Whalley, G., et al. (2002). Pseudonormal mitral filling pattern predicts hospital re-admission in patients with congestive heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 39(11), 1787-1795 The article meets credibility criteria. The authors are scholars in field of cardiac health and the journal in which the article is published is reliable. The authors provide comprehensive information in the article. In addition, the article is relative recent. The article is reasonable. Comprehensive information is provided and fair method of study is applied Sufficient support is provided for the study and the study is consistent with other recent studies Ross, J., et al. (2010).Recent National Trends in Readmission Rates after Heart Failure Hospitalization. Circulation 122, 1645-51 Authors are PHD holders in the field of Cardiac health and therefore their study can be credible The study was conducted for a period of six years. The outcome of the study seem to accurate No bias was observed in the article Credible sources are cited in the article. Goldberg, R., Farmer, C., Spencer, F., Pezzella, S. Meyer, T. (2005). Use of nonpharmacologic treatment approached in patients with heart failure. International Journal of Cardiology 110(3), 348-353 International Journal of Cardiology is a reputed journal and therefore the article appears to be credible. The article is recent and consistent with wo rldview and other related research study The authors provide comprehensive information. Credible reference list is provided Annotated Bibliography Nichols, G., Gullion, C., Koro, C., Ephross, S. Brown, J. (2004). The Incidence of Congestive Heart Failure in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 27(8) The purpose of the study was to explore prevalence of congestive heart failure in type 2 diabetic patients. Two sample of 8,231 and 8845 of individuals with type 2 diabetes and non-diabetic congestive heart failure patients, respectively, were used for the study. From the study, diabetic patient were found to be more likely to contract congestive heart failure at a rate of 2.5. The authors concluded that there was need to control risk factors such as blood pressure, hyperglycemia and obesity in managing congestive heart failure. Reis, S., Holubkov, R. Edmundowicz, D., McNamara, D., Zell, K., Detre, K. Feldman A. (1997). Treatment of patients admitted to the hospital with congestive heart failure: specialty-related disparities in practice patterns and outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol 30(3), 733-738 The objective of this study was to explore differences in specialty treatment of congestive heart failure patient and their effect on treatment outcome. The authors compared treatment and result for patients in a university hospital for six months. The focus for study was patients cared for by general physicians and those whose treatment was guided by a cardiologist. From the study, the authors observed that congestive heart failure patients that were cared for by generalists had high chance of readmission as compared to those whose treatment was guided by a cardiologist. The study confirmed the importance of specialist care in successful management of congestive heart failure. Schocken, D., Arrieta, M., Leaverton, P. Ross, E. (1992). Prevalence and mortality rate of congestive heart failure in the United States. J Am Coll Cardiol 20, 301-306 The purpose of the study was to in vestigate prevalence and mortality rate of CHF in non-institutionalized individuals in United States. The authors aimed at providing reliable national data related to congestive heart failure. The authors relied on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for data on prevalence and mortality rate. From the study, the author found prevalence of congestive heart failure to be between 1.1% and 2%. The authors concluded that congestive heart failure had significant mortality rate and prevalence and was a noteworthy health challenge in United States. Jaarsma, T., Halfens, R., Huijer, H., Dracup, K., Gorgels, T., Van Ree, J. Stappers, J. (1998). Effect of education and support on self-care and resource utilization in patients with heart failure. European Heart Journal 20(9), 673-682 Self-care plays important role in management of heart failure cares. In the article, the authors investigate the role of education success of self-care. A sample of 179 was used for the study. From th e study, the authors found education and support from health care workers especially a nurse to have positive effect on success of self-care. In conclusion, the authors propose integrated education and support for successful heart failure management. Dokainish, H., Zoghbi, W., Lakkis, N., Ambriz, E., Rajnikant, P., Quinones, M. Nagueh, S. (2004). Incremental predictive power of B-type natriuretic peptide and tissue Doppler echocardiography in the prognosis of patients with congestive heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 45(8), 12223-1226 Prediction of congestive heart failure is among the first steps to successful prevention and management. In the article, the authors investigate effectiveness of B-type natriuretic peptide and early diastolic velocity in predicting congestive heart failure relative to conventional methods. Observations were made on a sample of 116 congestive heart failure patients. The authors found B-type natriuretic peptide and early diast olic velocity to have incremental predictive power on CHF patients. Whalley, G., Doughty, R., Gamble, G., Wright, S., Walsh, H., Muncaster, S. Sharpe, N. (2002). Pseudonormal mitral filling pattern predicts hospital re-admission in patients with congestive heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 39(11), 1787-1795 The author’s main objective was to examine whether pseudonormal filling contributed to hospitalization and deaths in congestive heart failure patients. 115 CHF patients were investigated for the study. The study found pseudonormal filling to be correlated with hospitalization and deaths in CHF patients. Ross, J., et al. (2010).Recent National Trends in Readmission Rates after Heart Failure Hospitalization. Circulation 122, 1645-51 The authors aimed at investigating rate of readmission of congestive heart failure patients. The authors used data from Medicare administration for beneficiaries of fee-for-service program that were discharged from hos pital. For a period of six years of observation, the authors found that the average rate of readmission was 30 days. The authors conclude that there was no improvement in management of congestive heart failure since the rate of readmission did not change over the period of study. Goldberg, R., Farmer, C., Spencer, F., Pezzella, S. Meyer, T. (2005). Use of nonpharmacologic treatment approached in patients with heart failure. International Journal of Cardiology 110(3), 348-353 Managing congestive heart failure is challenging and calls for more than use of medicine. In this article, the authors explore alternative treatment and management approaches for congestive heart failure. The authors focus on effectiveness of counseling, community settings and patient education in managing congestive heart failure. The authors found the alternative treatment and management approaches to have positive effect on congestive heart failure patients. They recommend hospital counseling as an effective approach in managing heart failure. References List Nichols, G., Gullion, C., Koro, C., Ephross, S. Brown, J. (2004). The Incidence of Congestive Heart Failure in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 27(8) Reis, S., Holubkov, R. Edmundowicz, D., McNamara, D., Zell, K., Detre, K. Feldman A. (1997). Treatment of patients admitted to the hospital with congestive heart failure: specialty-related disparities in practice patterns and outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol 30(3), 733-738 Schocken, D., Arrieta, M., Leaverton, P. Ross, E. (1992). Prevalence and mortality rate of congestive heart failure in the United States. J Am Coll Cardiol 20, 301-306 Jaarsma, T., Halfens, R., Huijer, H., Dracup, K., Gorgels, T., Van Ree, J. Stappers, J. (1998). Effect of education and support on self-care and resource utilization in patients with heart failure. European Heart Journal 20(9), 673-682 Dokainish, H., Zoghbi, W., Lakkis, N., Ambriz, E., Rajnikant, P., Quinones, M. Nagueh, S. (2004). Incremental predicti ve power of B-type natriuretic peptide and tissue Doppler echocardiography in the prognosis of patients with congestive heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 45(8), 12223-1226 Whalley, G., Doughty, R., Gamble, G., Wright, S., Walsh, H., Muncaster, S. Sharpe, N. (2002). Pseudonormal mitral filling pattern predicts hospital re-admission in patients with congestive heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 39(11), 1787-1795 Ross, J., et al. (2010).Recent National Trends in Readmission Rates after Heart Failure Hospitalization. Circulation 122, 1645-51 Goldberg, R., Farmer, C., Spencer, F., Pezzella, S. Meyer, T. (2005). Use of nonpharmacologic treatment approached in patients with heart failure. International Journal of Cardiology 110(3), 348-353 Colonna, P., Sorino, M., Agostino, C., Bovenzi, F., De Luca, L. Arrigo, F. de Luca, I. (2003). Nonpharmacologic care of heart failure: counseling, dietary restriction, rehabilitation, treatment of s leep apnea, and ultrafiltration. American Journal of Cardiology 91(9), 41-50 Kornowski R, Zeeli D, Averbuch M, et al. (1995). Intensive home-care surveillance prevents hospitalization and improves morbidity rates among elderly patients with severe congestive heart failure. American Heart Journal 129, 162–6. Smith L., Fabbri S. Pai R., et al. (1997). Symptomatic improvement and reduced hospitalization for patients attending a cardiomyopathy clinic. Clin Cardiol 20, 949–54 Rich M, Beckham V, Wittenberg C, et al. (1995). A multidisciplinary intervention to prevent the readmission of elderly patients with congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 333, 1190–5 This essay on Resource Identification, Evaluation and Selection: Congestive heart failure was written and submitted by user Cornelius to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Correspondence Rule and Qunie-duhem theory essays

Correspondence Rule and Qunie-duhem theory essays A correspondence rule (c-rule) is when observational and theoretical terms are put together to form a specific definition. Science has evolved through this by positivists by combining theoretical and mathematical logic. The c-rule is the basis for all positivists. The bioconditional affect though is that which connects observations to theories through and if and only if stance. By using mathematical logic, positivists have concluded that there are 5 rules that are the essence of the c-rule. To start, one must have a quantifier(s) to state what the observational object is under scrutiny. Next the positivist would add mathematical logic to the equation through the use of symbols. The results are then determined as observational and/or theoretical terms, applying naturally to the laws of nature. The reasons behind this logic though are simple. Positivists wanted to discredit the fact that science and experimentation are subjective. By creating a standard way of testing and interpr eting results through mathematics, science now becomes universal and objective. People still try to discredit positivism though. They say that positivists use subjunctive mathematics rather objective mathematics. Through these accusations, positivists take a mighty blow and become nearly wholly discredited. By saying that positivists are subjunctive, one is saying that positivists add to the disorder of the experiment by using theory over fact. If a positivist came to me with an experiment on how to get better tire traction on a race track I, being a skeptic, could discredit him by saying that his logic falls on the theoretical side and is therefore subjunctive. Now to argue against me, the positivist would go out to the  ¼ mile strip and lessen the air pressure of his front tires, creating more tire to track surface area (assuming the car is FWD as well). He has now proved t ...

Critically evaluate the statement that 'leadership can make a Essay

Critically evaluate the statement that 'leadership can make a difference to organisational performance' - Essay Example The renewed interest in interest in leadership has come from the constantly changing environment in which organisations began facing from the later part of the last century. The new challenges have brought out the importance of leadership in organisations as executive jobs become more a leadership job rather than a management job. In general the concept of leadership is very powerful and "capable of conveying much more than can be contained within a concise definition". (Sadler 2003 p, 2)The definition of leadership can be viewed from two angles; one as a process in an organisation where persons at various levels exert non-coercive influence to direct and coordinate various members of organisation towards its goals and the other from the point of view of property of individuals i.e. as a set of behavior characteristics, personal qualities by which an individual successfully exerts influence, again, to direct and coordinate (Moorhead 2000, p, 352). The word coercive is what distinguishes between the act of a manager who (could if necessary) exerts influence by virtue of the power and position he holds and the leader who does it without. A good manager necessarily need not mean a good leader and vice versa. In the organizational contest, a good leader will have to be a good manager, if he were to be successful. There are many ways in which the difference between managerial way of seeing and doing things and leader ways of doing and seeing things can be distinguished. "Managers does things right, the leader does the right things. "(Bennis 1989, p4). A manager's role in an organisation is described in terms of goal setting, planning organizing and controlling. Very often he gets people to do things by virtue of authority of his office, his dealings with people (customers, employees) is based on contractual aspects and position. The leader's role is to create and articulate vision and create directions; communicate and persuade all stakeholders to work towards it; empower, energize, facilitate, align and motivate people to work in a way that organisations and the individual goals are met. However an ideal leader in terms of domain knowledge, technical competence, conceptual skills etc. will be as good as the manager. Describing the performance of Jell Barad as CEO of Mattel, Moorehead (2000, p 354) shows her to be an ideal combination of manager and leader. These differences are somewhat derived from the transactional and transformational theories of leadership. The manager way of doing things is attributed to the transactional theory of leadership, whereas leader ways of doing things is related to transformational theory of leadership. Lee Iacocca's turnaround of Chrysler motors is shown as a typical case of transformational leadership. Typically a manger kind of role for executives is described as one that is suitable in an environment that is stable, orderly and predictable and the leader role as one most important in a changing and dynamic environment, a situation of constant change such as one organisations face today. Leadership theories There are several theories of leadership based on property. Early theories tried to identify traits and behavior which were the hallmark of good leaders, based on a historical study. Initially studies tried to

Evaluation of Agency's Human Resources Management Research Paper - 1

Evaluation of Agency's Human Resources Management - Research Paper Example Human resource also entail resource alignment whereby it integrates decisions concerning people and the outcome that the organization is striving to obtain. This paper will seek to develop an in-depth analysis and evaluation of the selected agency’s human resources management systems and processes and then provide recommendations for improvement. Ray Consortium is an agency located in the US. I did a research that revealed that this agency has processes and systems that intersect between information technology and human resource management. One of the agency’s major components of human resource processes for hiring and retaining is the enterprise resource-planning package (Department of Administration, 2004). In this package, the agency merges human resource management as a doctrine with its basic human resource processes and activities, within the field of information technology in particular (Lawler, 2004). With the emergency of enterprise resource planning software, this agency added its crucial components of planning to incorporate data processing systems programs that standardize routines and integrate information from and within various applications towards a single universal database (Briscoe, Schuler, & Tarique, 2011). According to the human resource manager of Ray Consortium, integration of enterprise resourc e planning as a major component of the agency’s human resource system facilitated faster and easier linkage of the agency’s human resource modules and financial modules. Furthermore, this agency has a performance appraisal process that evaluates employees’ performance, capabilities, and abilities and provides a systematic platform for rewarding. This procedure aims at motivating, mobilizing, and fostering their zeal towards their respective jobs (Lawler, 2004). In identifying predecessors of different sections of the agency, this agency uses modules of human resource that link performance of an employee through a single database that

Reseach Workoholics Essay Example for Free

Reseach Workoholics Essay Is a 40-hour work week too much? Should there be a mandatory cap on the number of hours a person can work? Should there be changes in employment laws to give Americans more relaxation time? A workaholic definition is a noun a person who compulsively works hard and long hours. But the definition in a workaholics eyes is a person who â€Å"values work over any other activity, according to careercast.com. Merriam-webster.com says its a compulsive worker (Productivity) The reasons for someone to become a workaholic are some people dont feel their lives are fulfilled unless theyre engaged in constructive activities. The more they work, the happier they are. Its addictive. Where in the world can they be productive and reap the rewards of their labor but at their job? Workaholics cant be idle. They need to be constantly working. Proving their value Children who were raised in dysfunctional families, or by perfectionist parents, and were made to feel like their best was never good enough can grow up to be workaholics. Spending their adult lives immersed in their work is a way for them to constantly prove themselves and their worth. Escaping problems and negative feelings another reason why people become workaholics is because they lack a sense of control in their lives. They have problems at home they cant fix, or they dont want to deal with, for example. Being at work all the time allows them to escape painful, negative feelings. It also gives them a sense of control they cant find otherwise. Adrenaline rush working non-stop provides an adrenaline rush to some people. Being extremely busy, rushing to meet unrealistic goals, and pushing themselves beyond their limits gives them that intense feeling they crave. That same adrenaline rush- the increased heart rate, the burst of energy, the heightening of their senses- comes from roller coaster rides and other thrilling activities. In 1965, a U.S. Senate subcommittee predicted that as a result of increasing labor productivity from automation and â€Å"cybernation† in other words, the computer revolution. Americans would be working only about 20 hours a week by the year 2000, while taking seven weeks or more of vacation a year. By the mid-1970s, and especially after 1980, median wages weren’t keeping pace with increases in our capacity to produce. But flattening incomes didn’t derail the consumption train. Americans continued to buy more, in part by going deeper into debt, by having more members of the family enter the workforce and by working additional overtime. By the boom times of the late 1990s, Americans worked more than the notoriously workaholic Japanese. To answer the question of limiting the number of hours you can work I think we would have a happier and healthier society if we worked a little less. As of right now, some jobs require a lot of time and energy. Legalizing mandating the number of hours worked is an interesting idea. It would see a drop in stress levels, more family time and participation and healthier workers. This probably wouldnt make too many people happy at first, though, and it would take some getting used to. It is a way to raise healthier families and having less levels of stress that are exhibited in really tough jobs, like ER doctors and nurses, and other highly stressful occupations. American work-life balance according to the Center for American Progress on the topic of work and family life balance, â€Å"in 1960, only 20 percent of mothers worked. Today, 70 percent of American children live in households where all adults are employed.† I don’t care who stays home and who works in terms of gender (work opportunity equality for all – it’s a family choice). Either way, when all adults are working (single or with a partner), that’s a huge hit to the American family and free-time in the American household. The U.S. is the ONLY country in the Americas without a national paid parental leave benefit. The average is over 12 weeks of paid leave anywhere other than Europe and over 20 weeks in Europe. Zero industrialized nations are without a mandatory option for new parents to take parental leave. That is, except for the United States. Lets say someone make $60k/year. Excluding benefits, employee taxes, etc., lets consider this equivalent to $30/hour. ($30/hour x 40 hours x 50 weeks = $60k). Now they want to figure out the hourly number that he/she use to decide if its worth it to do something. For example, if he/she owe a fine on something he/she dont think they should owe, but its only a $5 fine, its not worth spending an hour ($30) to contest it. BUT, its not clear to me if he/she should use $30/hour for this number, because Im only working 8 hours/day. Like, if someone is willing to pay me for 40 hours/week at $30/hour, presumably he/she could get one or two more such jobs. Or should she/he divide that by 3 to get $10/hour because really for every 24 hours, they’re only able to earn $30/hour for a third of them? Because some of these activities he/she would be doing in my off-hours (e.g., theyd have to dispute that fine after work). Or is it something in between?

Influence of the Spanish on Puerto Rican Society :: Puerto Rico History Historical Essays

Influence of the Spanish on Puerto Rican Society In the histories of Colonial Latin America there is one common aspect and that is the importation of slaves as a labor force. The resulting consequences for the territory are vital if we are to understand the development of the society. In Puerto Rico these consequences deal mainly with African influence on the peasantry, the corrective measures taken thereafter to negate the African influence, and the results of these corrective measures. The Tainos, the natives of Puerto Rico, were extensive agriculturalists as well as a highly organized people. They developed techniques, such as irrigation, which was new to agriculture and at the same time increased the productivity of their crops, like the yuca their main staple. Another unique feature to the Taino society was the relationship between man and woman. The Taino’s gender roles were markedly different from those of the European nations. For example the matrilineal arrangements allowed both men and women to become the chiefs of their respective villages. Spanish settlers were critical, upon arrival, of the Taino lifestyle. Unfortunately Taino influence is rarely felt due to their rapid demise. Although the natives of Borikà ©n were Taino, it is argued that the first Puerto Ricans were black Puerto Ricans. Spanish occupation virtually eliminated Native influences by the way of the decimation of the people as a result of disease brought across the atlantic by the Spanish settlers. In this way the Taino were minimally influential in forming a new cultural identity. â€Å"The descendants of the first African slaves had already become black Puerto Ricans†(Gonzà ¡lez 10) when Spaniards from the canary islands arrived to replace those who had left in search of riches in Peru and Mexico. For this reason it is feasible to accept the notion â€Å"that the Puerto Ricans were in fact black Puerto Ricans.† (Gonzà ¡lez 10) The African presence was more of a factor in the formation process of the Puerto Rican identity. Of the massive numbers of slaves who survived the voyage there were those who were fortunate enough to escape into the hinterland. Here they found refuge from the hardship of plantation labor along with the opportunity to join the peasantry that also searched for refuge. The jà ­baros â€Å"used the broken topography of the interior as an ally in its struggle with the expanding sugar plantations† (Scarano 6) This intermixing of the two cultures forged several similarities.