Windhover By Hopkins Essays - Eschatology, Christian Theology

Windhover By Hopkins In Gerard Manley Hopkins' sonnet The Windhover there is such a authentic suggestion to Christ and Jesus. At the end of the day the speaker acclaims the Lord by applauding what he takes as an image for Christ, the windhover himself. All through the sonnet the speaker represents Christ's magnificence incidentally the bird of prey responds to the air how it moves and even charcteristic characteristics of the bird of prey species. One could just welcome the wonder of the Lord progressively after deciphering the sonnet. The sonnet is captioned To Christ our Lord since the bird of prey helps him to remember Christ. The speaker consistently hails one of God's most staggering animals, the hawk. He is floored at the superbness of the windhover's flight. He stands amazed at its bright plumes and the sheer speed of its flight. His tone proposes that he is in awe...he is watching something identical second happening to Jesus or blessed messengers strolling among ordinary men. He tosses out a torrent visual symbolism to attempt to depict the windhover and still doesn't appear to approach its genuine radiance. He considers how such an animal could exist however is in the long run simply loaded up with joy in knowing the way that it exists. In the principal verse the speaker states that he recognized the morning's flunky as though to recommend that the bird of prey was a few how docile to the morning. He proposes that there is a type of regal heiarchy by utilizing words that review pictures of power. When the peruser starts to expose the main verse he can start to comprehend the rest of the sonnet. The subsequent refrain takes an alternate position on things. The windhover is out moving when an easily and abruptly jumps. The speakers is frightened preposterous wellbeing however is enjoyably shocked when the winged creature is lifted by a colossal breeze. One can say that in the midst of stupid joy he can fall yet Christ will consistently lift be there to lift him back up. Christ is in this manner the pad required for even an impermanent go wrong. Refrain three uses a torrent of enlightening words to signify the pride of such an animal. In the creature realm it would be viewed as ruler of the perch. The speaker call the windhover a chevalier significance knight or at the end of the day a friend in need. Christ is additionally thought of a deliverer. The speaker contrasts the winged animal and Christ and the difficult work of the furrow that makes a wrinkle and shows the wet soil underneath and consumed coals that sparkle red-gold when part open and ignite with fire. That is legitimately practically identical to supposition that the speaker was having a dull existence until the Lord worked up his life, split open his dull shell and helped him to sparkle with a new life forever. Christ could be found in nature in the windhover's presence. He is represented in all the activities of the bird of prey and furthermore spoke to in its charactaeristics. The speaker applauds the Lord by his stunned acclaim and spoken to in its qualities. The speaker commends the Lord by his stunned applause and appreciation. He is by all accounts saying that Christ exists in indeed, even the littler subtleties throughout everyday life and we should simply watch them occasionally to realize that Christ lives on.

Mackinders Heartland Theory

Mackinders Heartland Theory Sir Halford John Mackinder was a British geographer who composed a paper in 1904 called The Geographical Pivot of History. Mackinders paper recommended that the control of Eastern Europe was essential to control of the world. Mackinder hypothesized the accompanying, which got known as the Heartland Theory: Who rules Eastern Europe orders the HeartlandWho rules the Heartland orders the World IslandWho rules the World Island orders the world The heartland he likewise alluded to as the rotate region and as the center of Eurasia, and he considered the entirety of Europe and Asia as the World Island.â In the period of current fighting, Mackinders hypothesis is generally viewed as obsolete. Atâ the time he proposed his hypothesis, heâ took into thought world history just with regards to struggle among land and ocean powers. Countries with enormous naval forces were at a favorable position over those that couldn't effectively explore the seas, Mackinder recommended. Obviously, in the cutting edge time, the utilization of airplane has incredibly changed the capacity to control an area and give protective capabilities.â The Crimean War Mackinders hypothesis was never completely demonstrated becauseâ no one force in history had really controlled every one of the three of these locales simultaneously. Yet, the Crimean War approached. During this contention, pursued from 1853 to 1856, Russia battled for control of the Crimean Peninsula, some portion of Ukraine. Be that as it may, it lost to a faithfulness of the French and British, which had progressively successful maritime powers. Russia lost the war despite the fact that the Crimean Peninsulaâ is topographically closer to Moscow than to London or Paris. Conceivable Influence on Nazi Germany A few students of history have guessed that Mackinders hypothesis may have impacted Nazi Germanys drive to overcome Europe (in spite of the fact that there are numerous who think the eastbound push of Germany that prompted World War II coincidentally coincided with Mackinders heartland hypothesis). The idea of geopolitics (or geopolitik, as Germans called it) was proposed by Swedish political specialist Rudolf Kjellen in 1905. Its center was political geographyâ and joined Mackinders heartland hypothesis with Friedrich Ratzels hypothesis on the natural idea of the state. Geopolitical hypothesis was utilized to legitimize a countrys endeavors to grow dependent on its own needs.â During the 1920s, German geographer Karl Haushofer utilized the geopolitik hypothesis to help Germanys attack of its neighbors, which it saw as development. Haushofer placed that thickly populated nations like Germany ought to be permitted and were qualified for grow and secure the domain of less-populated nations. Obviously, Adolf Hitler held the much more awful view that Germany had an ethical option to obtain the grounds of what he named lesser races. But Haushofers geopolitik hypothesis offered help for the development of Hitlers Third Reich, utilizing pseudoscience. Different Influences of Mackinders Theory Mackinders theoryâ also may have impacted Western forces key speculation during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, as the Soviet Union had authority over the previous East Bloc nations.

Global Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Worldwide Marketing - Essay Example There are numerous variables, for example, the changing consumers’ socioeconomics and desires, the nature of rivalries and the appearance of advancements that influence the tasks of a firm among others. Question One: Environmental Factors Affecting Inniskillin The natural components assume a noteworthy job in the business and in a country’s development. The various components that will be talked about in this setting are political variables, monetary elements, social elements, mechanical elements, natural elements and lawful elements (Jones and Hirasawa, 2008). Political Factors It tends to be referenced that the political just as the lawful elements have been good for the achievement of the Inniskillin. After the finish of the disallowance on deals of the liquor, the majority of the organizations have fabricated their notoriety in Canadian market of spirits and brews. In spite of the wine showcase staying separated, the market appeared to extend in light of the Vintners Quality Alliance (VQA) that helps with keeping up the standard just as the quality control. This can help the Canadian wine to accomplish more acknowledgment in the worldwide market particularly for the creation of the Icewine. It has been obvious from the contextual analysis that due to the authorization that Vincor got from the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)., the organization was fit for being the greatest wine shop in the nation of Canada. It allowed Vincor to set up its own shops while the other little wineries were fit for selling just at the legislature claimed stores sin ce they had restricted choices from the Liquor Control Board of Ontario (Jones and Hirasawa, 2008). The organization was equipped for increasing upper hand in light of its own conveyance direct in Canada. It was further clear from the contextual analysis that household costs of the wine of the wineries in Canada were constrained by the administration syndications for getting their wine recorded so they can disseminate just as sell their wines. This prompted low-deals volumes just as confined the choices accessible in sending out, the travel industry exercises alongside the eatery exchange. Financial Factors The monetary variables have been very positive for the Inniskillin. The explanations for this have been the rising livelihoods just as the ascent in the utilization pace of the wine as far as qualities and deals. The business looked for the worldwide weight of union. In any case, Inniskillin embraced development procedure and in this manner delighted in the advantages of economie s of scale through procurement so it can create modest wines and in this way accomplish acknowledgment in the local just as worldwide markets. It has additionally been clear from the contextual investigation that due to the financial exercises that have been worried about the horticulture in Canada, the creation of better quality European Vinifera has been conceivable (Jones and Hirasawa, 2008) Social Factors It can be referenced that the taste and the inclination of the shoppers advance on a nonstop premise. With the ascent in the salary, the customers were turning out to be increasingly concerned in regards to the taste. The top notch wines got well known to the detriment of low level wines. It was a direct result of the advancing consumers’ mindfulness with respect to the top notch marks that encouraged Inniskillin to upgrade their item quality (Jones and Hirasawa

A Search for Destiny Applying Campbells Model to Snow White and The Little Mermaid - Literature Essay Samples

For over 27,000 years, ever since the first cave paintings were uncovered, telling tales has been one of our most underlying methods of communication. Various compelling legends and tales originate from culturally diverse regions from all around the world, which exemplify the elemental basis of imagination and provides a life changing morality lesson. These captivating stories about the protagonist’s exhilarating adventure to discover their true potential, may greatly relate to our own individual journey in revealing our place in the world and uncovering our fate. Mythologist Joseph Campbell, conveys the monomyth from his book Pathways to Bliss: Mythology and Personal Transformation in the chapter â€Å"The Self as Hero†, he explores the main idea that as the single protagonist undergoes a life changing experience. The hero reveals their true destiny and achieve enlightenment by becoming more knowledgeable, thus contributing to society by utilizing their expertise gaine d from their journey. One can test Campbell’s monomyth theory by analyzing two fairy tales â€Å"The Little Mermaid† and the â€Å"Little Snow White†, and ascertain whether it connects to Campbell’s assertion or requires modification. Regarding Campbell’s theory of the hero’s journey, his claim requires to be extended in order to include every element and consider every possible way of portraying these substages, throughout the various stages demonstrated in the hero’s voyage. Campbell methodically devised his argument that every individual contains the opportunity to become lionhearted, by responding to that â€Å"call of adventure† and beginning a thrilling escapade off into searching for one’s true destiny. He divides this ultimate hero’s journey into four stages, and identifies the first stage as gaining the courage to depart from the accustomed environment; impelled to embark upon the exhilarating journey regardless of the uncertainty and risk included. Campbell contends that the â€Å"call to adventure† is able to take the form of departing from a repressive environment, an alluring temptation, or a quest. He claims, â€Å"The first stage is leaving where you are, whatever the environment. You may leave because the environment is too repressive and you are consciously uneasy and eager to leave. Or it may be that a call to adventure, an alluring temptation, comes and draws you out.† (Campbell 113). Although, he argues that a certain form of motivation would need to be present, in order for the hero to decide to leave their usual environment. For instance, â€Å"The Little Mermaid† fairytale by Hans Christian Andersen, epitomized Campbell’s claim that an alluring temptation can result in a start to a magnificent new voyage of unveiling your potent self. â€Å"The Little Mermaid† fairytale serves as an exceptional example; since the little mermaid desired the most out of her elder sisters to gain the sensational experience of viewing the whole new world outside her realm, and her most extreme admiration and enthusiasm for the human world. On her fifteenth birthday, she swam above the ocean to view the whole new b eautiful and breathtaking world she always dreamed of seeing, to only be captivated by the big black eyes of a handsome prince celebrating his birthday on an imposing ship. A fierce storm began to create the violent clashing waves which caused the ship to begin to sink into the ocean’s deep abyss, and the little mermaid managed to save her lovely prince as he was drowning and becoming unconscious. The little mermaid, â€Å"grew more and more fond of human beings, and wished more and more to be able to wander about with those whose world seemed to be so much larger than her own. They could fly over the sea in ships, and mount the high hills which were far above the clouds; and the lands they possessed, their woods and their fields, stretched far away beyond the reach of her sight.† (Andersen). The enchanting prince and the possibility of gaining a human soul, became the alluring temptation for the little mermaid to embark her journey into the marvelous human world and s acrificing her life at sea, all in order to confess her underlying love for her prince. The beginning stage of the little mermaid’s journey effectively supports Campbell’s assertion that the â€Å"call to adventure† is able to take the form of an alluring temptation. The â€Å"Little Snow White† fairy tale, by The Brothers Grimm, also serves as an example to support Campbell’s claim about the first phase of the ultimate hero’s journey, which was inspired to occur for Snow White as a means to vacate a repressive environment. Snow White was suppressed to leave her home because of the malicious queen who desperately desired to become the â€Å"fairest of them all†, and would not be able to achieve that with the stunning Snow White still being alive. The malevolent queen ordered a huntsman to lead Snow White into the dark woods and rip out her lungs and liver, however the huntsman was impotent in completing this gruesome act and urged Sno w White to escape and never return, otherwise the queen will undoubtedly banish her from existence completely. The huntsman â€Å"took out his hunting knife and was about to stab it into her innocent heart when she began to cry, saying, Oh, dear huntsman, let me live. I will run into the wild woods and never come back. Because she was so beautiful the huntsman took pity on her, and he said, Run away, you poor child. He thought, The wild animals will soon devour you anyway.† (Grimm). Snow White’s oppressive home environment leads her to an unfortunate situation where it is necessary for her to elude from the malignant queen, indicating the beginning of an extraordinary adventure. Regarding Campbell’s claim about the beginning of the hero’s journey, resulting from leaving a repressive environment, he intended that it was certainly the hero’s choice. However, in the story of Snow White she was compelled to abandon her home, rather than being given the option. Therefore, Campbell should add to his claim the possibility that the â€Å"call to adventure† may remain the hero’s choice, or they may be forced to leave their home and begin their fascinating journey. Campbell addresses the second stage of the hero’s journey as â€Å"crossing the threshold†, the stage where the hero begins to face difficult challenges, and commence the path that leads into the great unknown. The hero’s journey crossing the threshold, is an opportunity for the them to test their physical and mental endurance, as they go beyond the notion of good and evil. He recalls, â€Å"It’s always a dangerous adventure because you’re moving out of the familiar sphere of your community. In myths, this is represented as moving out of the known sphere altogether into the great beyond. I call this crossing the threshold.† (Campbell 114). Campbell claims that the challenges faced, while crossing from the conscious into the unconscious, are able to acquire many forms; including the crossing from the known to the unknown, presence of threshold guardians or magical aid. Campbell argues that the hero only faces one of these challenges and receives magical aid only after crossing the threshold, however in â€Å"The Little Mermaid† the hero tends to face challenges and receive magical aid before crossing from the known to the unknown. For example, the little mermaid visited the deep sea witch in order to gain a human soul to be with her beloved prince, and was able to receive a new pair of legs which was a form of magical aid. However, the little mermaid was obliged to pay a price, she had to give up her beautiful voice in exchange for a pair of legs. The little mermaid was no longer allowed to return to her father and sisters, and if the mermaid did not win the prince’s love and instead he married another, her heart will break and she shall turn into the foam of the sea. The little merma id saw as â€Å"the slaves next performed some pretty fairy-like dances, to the sound of beautiful music. Then the little mermaid raised her lovely white arms, stood on the tips of her toes, and glided over the floor, and danced as no one yet had been able to dance. At each moment her beauty became more revealed, and her expressive eyes appealed more directly to the heart than the songs of the slaves. Everyone was enchanted, especially the prince, who called her his little foundling; and she danced again quite readily, to please him, though each time her foot touched the floor it seemed as if she trod on sharp knives.†(Andersen). The little mermaid is crossing from her familiar oceanic realm into the unknown world of humans which was her ultimate desire. The deep sea sorceress serves the role of a threshold guardian, and provides magical aid that came with a price, before she was able to transition into the world of mortals. Therefore, Campbell’s claim regarding the pr esence of magical aid would need to be extended, by including the aspect that magic tends to always come with a price, rather than generously granted. The second stage of the little mermaid’s journey contains all three elements of the fundamental stage of crossing the threshold, which signifies that Campbell would need to expand his claim; regarding that only one of the elements are present in a story in order to indicate the stage of â€Å"crossing the threshold†. The â€Å"Little Snow White† fairy tale also serves as an example that Campbell’s claim should undergo certain adjustments regarding the second stage of the hero’s journey, dubbed as â€Å"crossing the threshold†. In view of the fact that Snow White was suppressed to leave her familiar environment. She had nowhere else to go and out of fear and disarray. she got lost in a dark and eerie forest. This event symbolizes Campbell’s element of the second stage of the hero’ s journey, indicated as the crossing from the known into the unknown. Snow White has left her accustomed environment and experienced a difficult transition into a frightening forest and state of isolation. Little Snow White â€Å"was now all alone in the great forest, and she was so afraid that she just looked at all the leaves on the trees and did not know what to do. Then she began to run. She ran over sharp stones and through thorns, and wild animals jumped at her, but they did her no harm. She ran as far as her feet could carry her, and just as evening was about to fall she saw a little house and went inside in order to rest.† (Grimm). The second stage of Snow White’s journey not only included the crossing from the known into the unknown, it also incorporated the presence of magical aid. Snow White was able to recover from her frightening experience in the dark forest, and capable of finding a new home by being welcomed by friendly dwarves who provided shelter from the spiteful queen. Similarly to â€Å"The Little Mermaid† fairy tale, magical aid was provided only for something in return. The dwarves only permitted Snow White to stay in their cottage, sheltered from the malicious queen, if she were willing to always take care of the cottage and the dwarves. Therefore, Campbell’s claim would require to be expanded regarding the element of magical aid, in order to receive magical aid it often times requires something in exchange. The second stage of Snow White’s journey contains two elements of the principal stage of crossing from the conscious into the unconscious, which indicates that Campbell would be obligated to extend his argument; regarding his claim that all three components of the â€Å"crossing the threshold† stage are able to be present in the hero’s journey.Campbell asserts that the third stage of the hero’s journey is when the protagonist is obliged to overcome certain difficulties and tria ls, which symbolizes the fulfillment of the hero’s great potential. He claims that the third stage is able to take on many forms including: the erotic encounter, meeting with the less benign goddess, atonement with the father, apotheosis, or seizing the prize. Campbell recalls, â€Å"after you have received the magical aid, you will have a series of increasingly threatening tests and trials to pass. The deeper you get into this gauntlet, the heavier the resistance. You are coming into areas of the unconscious that have been repressed: the shadow, the anima/animus, and the rest of the unintegrated self; it is the repression system that you have to pass through.† (Campbell 116). Once the hero crosses the threshold, the journey becomes applicable to the intense spiritual necessity required for the hero to achieve readiness, and will receive magical aid to prepare for the trial that will determine their ultimate success. However, in â€Å"The Little Mermaid† fairyta le, she receives magical aid before she crosses the threshold in order to physically be able to transition into the unknown, where the ultimate trial determining her destiny would take place. Therefore, Campbell would need to extend his claim regarding the various instances where magical aid is able to take place, during the second and third stage of the hero’s journey. The third phase of the little mermaid’s journey, embodied Campbell’s assertion that apotheosis is able to serve as a successful outcome, resulting from a certain trial that the hero faced during their challenging journey. The little mermaid strived to win over the prince’s love by staying completely devoted to him, however he was destined to marry another beautiful lady from a neighboring kingdom, which would mean that the little mermaid’s heart would soon be shattered into little pieces. The little mermaid’s sisters were able to give up their luscious hair to the deep sea so rceress; in exchange for a piercing dagger that she would need to plunge into the prince’s heart before sunrise, in order to save herself from turning into the foam of the sea. The little mermaid â€Å"glanced at the sharp knife, and again fixed her eyes on the prince, who whispered the name of his bride in his dreams. She was in his thoughts, and the knife trembled in the hand of the little mermaid: then she flung it far away from her into the waves; the water turned red where it fell, and the drops that spurted up looked like blood. She cast one more lingering, half-fainting glance at the prince, and then threw herself from the ship into the sea, and thought her body was dissolving into foam.† (Andersen). The little mermaid was given a difficult decision to make of whether she is able to murder the man she loved unconditionally, as a means to return to her life as a mermaid once again. She undergoes an epiphany as she was able to sacrifice her own life instead of the prince’s, and through selflessness she achieved eternal serenity and contentment. The third stage of the little mermaid’s voyage to spiritual realization effectively supported Campbell’s claim, whereas the hero surpasses a certain difficult trial, which is able to remain in a form of apotheosis. The â€Å"Little Snow White† is also able to exemplify and support Campbell’s argument about the third phase of the hero’s journey to enlightenment and unraveling their true potential, that the hero is able to be tested by encountering a less benign goddess. The malicious queen was infuriated when she discovered that Snow White was still alive and well, and decided to disguise herself as an old peasant woman. She attempted to lure Snow White into trying on venomous and life-threatening objects, all in effect to get rid of Snow White and become the fairest of them all. However, the dwarves were able to rescue Snow White, until she took a bite from th e poisonous red apple and succumbed into a deadly sleep. The beautiful Snow White â€Å"lay there in the coffin a long, long time, and she did not decay, but looked like she was asleep, for she was still as white as snow and as red as blood, and as black-haired as ebony wood. Now it came to pass that a prince entered these woodsand saw the coffin on the mountain with beautiful Snow-White in it, and he read what was written on it with golden letters.† (Grimm). Snow White’s encounter with the envious queen symbolized the test that she was striving to overcome, the result of the trial was deemed unsuccessful since Snow White was not able to be saved by the dwarves. However, if she were not to fail the trial against the less benign goddess, she would have not been able to meet her beloved prince who saved her precious life. Since the evil queen was not able to successfully eliminate Snow White, she is able to fit Campbell’s assertion of the presence of a less benign goddess in the third stage of the hero’s journey. On the other hand, Campbell claims that â€Å"in myths of the man’s adventure, the sacred marriage is union with the world goddess or with some minor secondary representation of her power.† Campbell fails to mention how the meeting with a goddess does not always occur in a man’s adventure, it could also occur during a heroine’s journey. The â€Å"Little Snow White† fairy tale effectively exemplifies that a woman is able to encounter a powerful or less benign goddess, therefore he should expand his claim and consider both gender roles regarding the ultimate hero’s journey. Campbell formulated his argument about the final stage of the hero’s journey, which he identifies as â€Å"the return across the threshold†, and includes how the return tends to be troublesome for the hero. Therefore, according to Campbell, the hero is left with one of these three options: refusal of th e return, return in terms of society, or enforce a pedagogical attitude. He recalls, that â€Å"the whole idea is that you’ve got to bring out again that which you went to recover, the unrealized, unutilized potential in yourself. The whole point of this journey is the reintroduction of this potential into the world; that is to say, to you living in the worldIt goes without saying, this is very difficult.† (Campbell 119). According to Campbell, once the hero returns from crossing the threshold, they will have to be able to transition back into their familiar environment or may even refuse to return. In â€Å"The Little Mermaid† fairy tale, she was able to refuse from returning to her home environment, and was also able to bring what was gained from her adventure and contribute it to society. The little mermaid has given up her home in the ocean, and all of her purest dreams and the ultimate desire of gaining a human soul. She was not able to return home, and nor was she able to win the prince’s unconditional love, resulting in her transition to a brand new world. The little mermaid became one of the daughters of the air, â€Å"although they do not possess an immortal soul, can, by their good deeds, procure one for themselves. We fly to warm countries, and cool the sultry air that destroys mankind with the pestilence. We carry the perfume of the flowers to spread health and restoration. After we have striven for three hundred years to all the good in our power, we receive an immortal soul and take part in the happiness of mankind.† (Andersen). The little mermaid refused to return to her home, because she decided to sacrifice her own life instead of the prince’s, resulting in her transformation into the daughter of air. As a daughter of the air, she is able to contribute to the happiness of mankind and perform good actions to contribute to the world. Therefore, Campbell needs to expand his claim regarding that the heroâ €™s journey only contains one of the three different forms of the â€Å"return across the threshold†. The â€Å"Little Snow White† fairy tale is also able to serve as an example for Campbell’s claim regarding the protagonist’s final stage of the hero’s journey, the stage of the â€Å"return across the threshold†. The final stage of Snow White’s journey, resulted in her returning to the terms of society once again, however she also refused to return to her once familiar environment where the malicious queen lived. After the poisonous apple dislodged from Snow White’s throat, â€Å"she opened her eyes, lifted the lid from her coffin, sat up, and was alive again.Good heavens, where am I? she cried out. The prince said joyfully, You are with me. He told her what had happened, and then said, I love you more than anything else in the world. Come with me to my fathers castle. You shall become my wife. Snow-White loved him, and sh e went with him.† (Grimm). Snow White was able to return to society with the help of her beloved prince whom she ended up marrying, and was able to refuse from returning to her original home because of the presence of the malevolent queen. Therefore, Campbell will need to expand his claim regarding the presence of more than one element in the protagonist’s final stage of the ultimate hero’s journey. Indeed, it is possible to test Campbell’s theory about the hero’s journey by applying it to two different fairy tales, â€Å"The Little Mermaid† and the â€Å"Little Snow White†. Campbell’s main assertion revolved around the ultimate idea of an individual finding their own destiny, by responding to the call of adventure in order to embark on the hero’s journey. Campbell was able to divide the hero’s journey into four dominant stages, and argued that one of the elements illustrating the certain stage would need to be present throughout the hero’s voyage. However, Campbell would need to expand his assertion regarding the four stages of the hero’s journey, and its important substages.

The Development Of A Police Officer - 1373 Words

The Development of a Police Officer The development of America’s police officers consists of many elements. These elements are what influence police behavior and action. Throughout time, the concept of policing has been redefined to fit the needs of the time. Originally, the police were a symbol of power and control and used to eliminate enemies of kings and pharaohs. As time move forward, the concept of policing changed the nature of soldiers into policemen. In today’s times, police officers are considered public servants to the people. They are charged with upholding, defending and protecting the freedoms of all citizens. To meet this objective, police departments use one of two approaches; community policing and the concept of†¦show more content†¦Nevertheless, the police force did help maintain civil order within society. It wasn’t until the 1800s in England where the concept of policing emerged and would redefine the purpose and responsibility of a police officer. During England’s medieval times, police functions was the responsibility of local individuals since most of England were primarily rural. Male members of clans or neighborhoods were charged to patrol and keep the peace in their respective area. This type of policing was called the frankpledge, which required all males above the age of 12 to participate in these patrol duties. As the Industrial revolution helped evolved the cities of England, it became apparent that the increase of poverty, joblessness and overcrowding became major issues for the government to maintain order. These issues were the main causes for the tremendous increase in crime (Gaines et al, 2014). Efforts by the government (to include more laws and harsher punishments) did little to stop the rise of crime and disorder. Mostly due to the disorganization of their police force. In addition, the violation of civil rights led to many cases of civil disobedience and riots. 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Literature’s Effect During the Abolitionist Movement Essay

Throughout American history, literature has been used to bring social injustices into public view. One successful example of this was anti-slavery work written before and during the Abolitionist Movement. Abolitionist literature began to appear predominantly in 1820. Until the Civil War, the anti-slavery press produced a steadily growing stream of newspaper articles, periodicals, sermons, childrens publications, speeches, abolitionist society reports, broadsides, poems, and memoirs of former slaves. These works, initially a grass roots effort, led to increased support for the end of slavery. Through the use of vivid imagery and life experiences these authors were able to show their readers the crimes against humanity caused by slavery.†¦show more content†¦The permanence of slavery could only end in death. Dying before their time is an indignity faced by many slaves, but for most it is the only path to freedom. The author was able to transcend societal boundaries and show the reader that the slaves were just like them – people who value family, freedom, pride and life. Another common form of anti-slavery literature was newspaper articles. These publications were circulated around the colonies to serve two main proposes: build additional support for the anti-slavery movement and to inform the readers of the progress of the movement. These articles included places of protest, and recommended newly publicized works including â€Å"Uncle Tom’s Cabin.† While these publications were readily available in the north, the laws banning them in the south made it nearly impossible for supporters and slaves to keep ties on the movement. Below are the most popular publications of the time: Black Anti-Slavery Newspapers Title City Established Freedoms Journal New York 30 March 1827 Rights of All New York 28 March 1828 Weekly Advocate New York January 1837 Colored American New York 4 March 1837 (formerly the Weekly Advocate) Elevator Albany 1842 National Watchman

Marketing Within the Global Economy

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Within the Global Economy. Answer: Business Overview Apple is a multinational technology conglomerate that has headquarters situated in Cupertino, California. The Company is known to design, develop as well as sell individual electronic goods as well as computer software. The hardware goods of Apple include iPad tablet computer, iPod manageable media player as well as Apple smart watch. On the other hand, the software goods of Apple include macOS and iOS operating systems (Rodrigues Minshall, 2015). Steve Jobs, Steve Woznaik and Ronald Wayne instituted the Company in the year 1976. It is integrated as Apple Computer Inc. in the year 1977 however; it was renamed as Apple Inc. in the year 2007. Purpose of the Report The report mostly focus on the operation of Apple in the United Kingdom and Braziland the report also seeks to analyze how the macroeconomic environment within these two contexts might have an influence on the economic activity of the Company. Analysis of the Market Structure - United Kingdom and Brazil United Kingdom Apple Inc. is considered in two different market structures such as oligopoly and monopolistic competition. The share of the UK Smartphone market had augmented enormously due to the share of Apple. IPhone accounts for more than 39.5 percent of Smartphone sales in the UK. Almost one-third of the iPhone sales are made through the retail stores of Apple. Both iPhone6 and iPhone6 plus emerged as the best-selling product of Apple that shifted more than 10 million units (Hardman Steinberger-Wilckens, 2014). Apple mostly faces a monopolistic competitive market structure in the UK, as it has no barriers to entry. The major feature of the Company is that it involves product differentiation. In other words, the Company differentiates its product by making use of several features. Apple also takes the prices charged by its competitors as specified and avoids the impact of its own prices on the prices of other firms. As per the reports, more than 86 percent of UK purchasers upgraded from an old er iPhone model however; only 5 percent of the individuals switched across from Samsung (Lambert, 2017). Brazil The market structure of Apple in Brazil is competitive as the Company faces competitive obstacle in the market of Brazil. Although Brazil is considered as one of the largest and fastest growing Smartphone markets, yet Apple does not have a single retail store in Brazil. As a result, Apple commands less than 10 percent of the market share in Brazil that is quite similar to that of other developing countries such as China, India and Russia (Baghestany, Yazdani Ahmadian, 2015). Apple mostly faces competition from Samsung that is considered as the brand of choice in Brazil. Apple faces a rising battle in Brazil where IPhone is continuously facing competition from Android. The individuals find it too costly to afford an iPhone. With a price tag of $2000 in Brazil, the iPhone is more than three times more costly as compared to other similar models such as Samsung. Comparative Analysis of Macroeconomic Indicators - United Kingdom and Brazil Year GDP growth rate (Brazil) GDP growth rate (UK) 2007 6.07 2.56 2008 5.09 -0.63 2009 -0.13 -4.33 2010 7.53 1.92 2011 3.91 1.51 2012 1.92 1.31 2013 3.02 1.91 2014 0.10 3.07 2015 -3.85 2.22 Figure 1: GDP Growth Rate (Source: Created by Author) The graph shows that the GDP growth rate of the UK was 2.56 in the year 2007 that was comparatively less as compared to the GDP growth rate of Brazil that was 6.07. The GDP growth rate of the UK from the year 2010-2012 averaged to 1.58 percent. However, on the other hand, the GDP growth rate of Brazil from the year 2010-2012 averaged to 4.53 percent. On the other hand, in the year 2013, the GDP growth rate of the UK was 3.07 that were relatively higher as compared to that of Brazil that was 0.10. Similarly, in the year 2015, the GDP growth rate of the UK in the year 2015 was 2.22 that was comparatively higher as compared to Brazil (Data.worldbank.org, 2017). Apple experienced a reduction of 40 percent in the sale of iPhone in Brazil as compared to that of the United Kingdom. The factors that led to the slowdown of sales is due to the ongoing global recession in Brazil. The lack of new features in the latest iPhone has led to reduction of attractiveness to customers. However, despite the economic unsteadiness Samsung stays the market leader in Smartphone sales in Brazil. Both Apple and Samsung is recognized as a premium brand in the country. Apple has also been focusing on more costly items to partly cover increase in cost that are caused by fluctuation in currency as well as demand of individuals for more highly developed devices (Sturgeon et al., 2016). Year GDP per capita at Constant Prices (UK) GDP per capita at Constant Prices (Brazil) 2007 3.1 1 2008 2.9 1.4 2009 2.4 1.7 2010 2 1.7 2011 2.1 2 2012 2.6 2 2013 2.2 2.5 2014 2.3 2.5 2015 2.9 2 Figure 2: GDP per capita at constant prices (Source: Created by Author) The diagram illustrates that the GDP per capita in the UK was three times more as compared to that of Brazil. Brazil has also overtaken the UK to become the sixth largest economy of the world. Despite expanding at a mere 3.5 percent in the year 2006, the powerhouse of the Brazil has viewed its GDP reach a record of 1.6 trillion. The overall, profit of Apple for the first quarter of 2015 increased to 1.7 percent to $18.4 billion. By contrast, the sale of Apple fell by 40 percent in Brazil mostly due to fall in real GDP. However, the strategy made by Apple is likely to augment the sale by reinvigorating the iPhone line. Apple is looking forward to market iPhone with larger screen to the thousands of individuals who did not purchase a new iPhone (Data.worldbank.org, 2017). Year CPI (Brazil) CPI (UK) 2007 3.6 2.3 2008 5.7 3.6 2009 4.9 2.2 2010 5.0 3.3 2011 6.6 4.5 2012 5.4 2.8 2013 6.2 2.6 2014 6.3 1.5 2015 9.0 0.1 Figure 3: CPI (Source: Created by Author) The rate of inflation is high in Brazil as compared to that of the United Kingdom. As a result, the purchasing power of Brazil is likely to decrease. As a result, the individuals in Brazil are likely to pay more for same commodities and services that will in turn reduce the sales of Apple. On the other hand, the consumer price index is comparatively less in the United Kingdom and as a result, the individuals are likely to purchase Apple at the market rather than at the elevated price. The type of inflation that is mostly faced by Apple is asset inflation that is mostly created by high demand. This is mostly because; the prices of the product of Apple are relatively high as compared to its competitors (Pimentel Choudhry, 2014). There is a specific status to owning an Apple product, and that permits Apple to charge elevated prices. The stability or low CPI in the UK is likely to contribute to the well-functioning economy, which lead to increase market share for Apple. Year Unemployment Rate (Brazil) Unemployment Rate (UK) 2008 8.1 5.4 2009 7.1 5.4 2010 8.3 7.8 2011 7.9 7.9 2012 6.7 7.8 2013 6.1 8.0 2014 6.5 7.5 2015 6.8 6.3 Figure 4: Unemployment Rate (Source: Created by Author) Over the year 2008-2015, the average rate of unemployment in Brazil averaged to 7.2 percent whereas, the average rate of unemployment in the UK averaged to 7 percent. In the year 2013, the UK witnessed highest rate of unemployment whereas; Brazil witnessed the lowest rate of unemployment of 6.1 percent. The increase rate of unemployment in Brazil is likely to lead to decline in consumer expenditure that will in turn affect trade that will lay off employees due to losses. In the year 2011, the rate of unemployment has been equal in both the countries. In the year 2014, the UK faced slow rate of economic growth however; the rate of unemployment fell unexpectedly. The high rate of unemployment is likely to decrease the demand for iPhone in Brazil and as a result, companies will produce lesser amount of products as well as they will cut workers (Mazzuia et al., 2015). In the year, the consumer market of Brazil worth of BRL2.9 trillion, leading the region of Latin America in terms of cons umer expenditure. Despite increasing government expenditure on several social programs that have helped to diminish inequality of income, the Gini Index of Brazil measures the inequality of income ranging from zero to 100 percent. The new middle class of Brazil is frail with yearly disposable income just above thresholds of middle class and as a result, they can easily return to poverty in case of any shock to the economy. As a result, Apple might not have stable platform to expand its business in Brazil. On the other hand, consumer spending pushed the UK to another solid quarter of expansion in the run-up to the referendum of Brexit. Household expenditure accounts for more than 60 percent of the economy of the UK. As a result, Apple will find its expansion in the UK because; more expenditure is likely to increase the scale of Apple (Gausden Hasan, 2016). Year % of GDP (Brazil) % of GDP (UK) 2007 18.9 19.4 2008 18.8 20.3 2009 19.7 21.8 2010 19.0 21.5 2011 18.7 20.9 2012 18.6 20.7 2013 19.0 20.1 2014 19.5 19.7 2015 20.2 19.4 Figure 5: % of GDP (Source: Created by Author) The biggest annual budget deficit has been witnessed by Brazil in the year 2014 with a budget gap 343.9 billion reais. The 6.7 percent gross domestic product of Brazil is compared with 3.25 percent deficit of the year 2013. On the other hand, the UK posted its biggest budget surplus before the financial crisis that took place in the year 2015. The surplus of the country was below the expectation of the economists and it indicated that the government borrowed 74 billion in the fiscal year to bridge the gap between proceeds as well as expenditure. A major budget deficit had been witnessed by Brazil in the year with almost 111.25 billion Reais and as a result, the % of GDP of Brazil had been low as compared to that of the UK. The major budget deficit is equal to 1.9 percent of GDP. There is only a single way by which Apple can survive in Brazil and that is only possible if the government prints more money to pay off the deficit. Year Current Account Balance (% of GDP) Current Account Balance (% of GDP) 2007 0.1 -2.5 2008 -1.7 -3.5 2009 -1.5 -2.9 2010 -3.4 -2.8 2011 -2.9 -1.8 2012 -3.0 -3.7 2013 -3.0 -4.4 2014 -4.3 -4.7 2015 -3.3 -5.4 Figure 6: Current Account Balance (% of GDP) (Source: Created by Author) The balance of payment records the business deal of both the countries with the rest of the world. The UK has had a persistent current account deficit in the last 15 years. This has been mostly caused by deficit in trade in commodities as well as deterioration in investment incomes. In the year 2015, the current account deficit of the UK was 96.4 billion (5.4 % of GDP). Apple mostly paid the UK employees abroad that led money leaving the UK and in turn creating debt on the current account (Bussiere, 2013). At present, outflows to UK employees are larger than inflows of overseas employees in the UK. The UK has a deficit in trade in commodities however; since the year 2011, the current account deficit has been augmented due to decrease in direct investment income. On the other hand, Brazil had a comparatively less current account deficit. In the year 2007, Brazil had a current account surplus of 0.1 percent of GDP. However, since 2008 Brazil faced current account deficit, the highest b eing 4.3 percent in the year 2014. As a result, due to current account deficit, both Brazil and the UK have lesser number of chances to create more jobs to expand the market for Apple (Dhingra et al., 2016). An analysis of the monetary and fiscal policy Both monetary and fiscal policies have played a key role in the suppression of inflation in Brazil. Despite the present economy slowdown in Brazil as well as increase in inflationary pressure, the long-term success of the Plan brings out greater stability of price. The policies bring out the foundation for alleviation of poverty as well as distorted distribution of income. The first characteristics of the Brazilian macroeconomic support include a shift from a system of semi-fixed rate of exchange to a managed floating exchange rate. The use of monetary policy and the rate of exchange helped to absorb the external shocks of the Brazilian economy (Fagiolo et al., 2014). The use of high level of rate of interest mostly regulated the target system of inflation. However, Brazil also utilized fiscal policy with the sole target to generate primary surplus. This will in turn help to maintain the stability of public debt and provide credibility to the government. However, Apple is a retail bu siness that is mostly affected by fiscal because; it changes the amount of disposable income that is expended by individuals. As a result, if Brazil makes the use of more fiscal policy, it will result in higher rates of interest and the retailers also requires to pay more for lines of credit. However, higher rates of interest is likely to attract more foreign investors that will in turn give the retailers more power to purchase while purchasing merchandise from overseas suppliers in domestic currency (Matheson Pereira, 2016). On the other hand, the present UK demand policy mostly concentrates on using monetary policy as the monetary policy has little advantage over the fiscal policy. With the help of fiscal policy, the country will be able to change the rate of interest more easily as compared to level of tax and investment. This will prove beneficial for Apple, as monetary policy will not involve government expenditure that will lead to high rates of interest (Friedman, 2015). The cost of credit will remain constant rather than increasing and as a result, it will increase purchase of the individuals. Monetary policy will also reduce uncertainty about the expansion of the market for Apple in the United Kingdom. An analysis of the foreign trade policy instruments A global economic crisis has been weathered by Brazil that has been supported by local and overseas demand as well as good macroeconomic policies. Brazil has also contributed to worldwide economic recovery by considerably rising imports. Brazil is one of the most active participants of the WTO (World Trade Organization) and within the BRICS group of leading up-and-coming countries. Brazil stays committed to strengthening the multilateral business system (Hopewell, 2013). Foreign investors in Brazil receive the similar legal treatment as that of domestic investors in most of the economic sectors. This will in turn prove beneficial for Apple to expand its market. The decision to leave the EU, have led the UK to reconfigure its foreign trade policy. The UK trade policy observatory had formed a collaboration between Ghatham House as well as the University of Sussex that in turn supported the enhancement of new trade policies in the post-Brexit period (Walsh Mander, 2017). References Baghestany, A. A., Yazdani, S., Ahmadian, M. (2015). World trade market structure for corn. International Journal of Life Sciences, 8(5), 1-5. Bussiere, M. (2013). Balance of payment crises in emerging markets: how early were the earlywarning signals?. Applied Economics, 45(12), 1601-1623. Current account balance (% of GDP) | Data. (2017). Data.worldbank.org. 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New protagonists in global economic governance: Brazilian agribusiness at the WTO. New Political Economy, 18(4), 603-623. Lambert, T. (2017). Monopoly Capital and Entrepreneurism: Whither Small Business?. Matheson, M. T., Pereira, M. J. (2016). Fiscal multipliers for Brazil. International Monetary Fund. Mazzuia, A. R. D. O., Machado, D. R., Fukumothi, D. K., Nunes, L. F. B., Tucci Neto, C., Jorge, H. M. D. H., ... Mattos, C. A. D. (2015). Iphone app use to Cobb angle in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Does this apply?. Coluna/Columna, 14(2), 101-104. Pimentel, R. C., Choudhry, T. (2014). Stock returns under high inflation and interest rates: evidence from the Brazilian market. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 50(1), 71-92. Rodrigues, A., Minshall, T. H. (2015). Assessing strategic importance of innovation to multinational corporations. Sturgeon, T., Gereffi, G., Guinn, A., Zylberberg, E. (2016). Brazil in Global Value Chains. Walsh, C., Mander, S. (2017). Contextualising the drivers for trade: Some lessons from historical case studies. Marine Policy, 75, 290-299.